It was a sovereign member state of the German Confederation and became a federated state of the North German Confederation and finally of the German Empire in 1871.

In courts at state and entity levels as well as Brčko District there are no women presidents of courts.

This discriminatory treatment could be linked to the courts' intention to protect the German treasury in times of severe economic constraints.

January 18 The member states of the North German Confederation and the south German states unite into a single nation state known as the German Empire.

Consequently, according to the State party, it was open to the authors to institute civil proceedings against the State, to seek compensation from the State in the courts of justice and to challenge the constitutionality of the law in those courts.

After the German Revolution of November 1918, when Imperial Germany became the Weimar Republic, most of the German states within the German Reich called themselves a Free State.

However any discriminatory action by the State, agents of the State or those acting on behalf of the State can be challenged in courts.

These courts have their own budget, which is annexed to the general State budget.

In BiH there are 100 courts in total (two per state and entity levels, the court in the Brčko District, and 93 courts at local levels).

The German system. In Germany, a stability council must approve state budgets.

State schools teach students a second language, usually French, German or Spanish.

The present Convention applies to the immunity of a State and its property from the jurisdiction of the courts of another State.

Between 1918 and 1919 Austria was known as the State of German Austria ().

In 1952, Baden became part of the modern German state of Baden Württemberg.

A claim brought by Prince Hans Adam II before the European Court of Human Rights concerning the decisions by the German courts was also dismissed.

1. A State shall give effect to State immunity under article 5 by refraining from exercising jurisdiction in a proceeding before its courts against another State and to that end shall ensure that its courts determine on their own initiative that the immunity of that other State under article 5 is respected.

The Jurisdictional Immunities Convention applies to the immunity of a State and its property from the jurisdiction of the courts of another State.

The Court noted in that respect that it was not contested that the dispute was triggered by the decisions of the German courts in the aforementioned case.

Reuss Lobenstein () was a state located in the German part of the Holy Roman Empire.

At the center, a civilian military conflict emerged, the German army having always had a state within a state mentality and status.

East Frisia or Eastern Friesland (German Ostfriesland East Frisian Low Saxon Oostfreesland ) is a coastal region in the northwest of the German federal state of Lower Saxony.

The failure of the State party's courts to remedy that discrimination represented a separate violation of article 6.

If a case came before the courts of that State and the private international law rules of the State led to the application of the law of another Contracting State that had not excluded family law, the question arose whether the courts would then be required to apply the convention to family law.

In article 5, the principle of State immunity from the jurisdiction of the courts of another State was reaffirmed, as was the principle of jurisdictional sovereignty.

2. Agreement by a State for the application of the law of another State shall not be interpreted as consent to the exercise of jurisdiction by the courts of that other State.

In 2006, the capture of Somalia s capital, Mogadishu, by the Islamic Courts raised the specter of a jihadist state.

Judiciary Namibia has a system of courts that interpret and apply the law in the name of the state.

This decision constitutes a final decision of the national courts of the State party, which has not been enforced.

According to the State party, Portuguese law recognizes this form of State liability, but the authors should in this case have instituted proceedings before the ordinary courts.

The Polish decision neither led to the defence of the annulment of the award in the country of origin nor did it bind the German Courts in any other way.

On the other hand, German courts have held that if a treaty has been abrogated by war, its provisions still remain in force in the body of the domestic law.

His successor Kurt Schuschnigg struggled to keep Austria independent as the better German state , but on 12 March 1938, Austrian Nazis took over government, while German troops occupied the country.

A State enjoys immunity, in respect of itself and its property, from the jurisdiction of the courts of another State subject to the provisions of the present Convention.

Furthermore, the State party has explicitly confirmed that the claims made in the communication were already assessed by domestic courts.

Some two thirds of Iranian industry, most of it state controlled, relies on German engineering exports, 65 of which in 2005 came with export credit insurance guarantees from the German government.

In 2001, after the award had finally been formally served on the respondent and had been registered with the German Courts, the claimant applied to have it declared enforceable in Germany.

The Committee welcomes the State party's efforts to enhance the access of refugees to the courts and in particular the establishment of mobile special courts and special police units to serve in refugee camps and settlements.

Only one German bank, the notoriously mismanaged Hypo Real Estate, which had already required massive state help, failed.

Conversely, although it was not a state in the German Reich, until 1919 Luxembourg remained in the Zollverein .

The German Pirate Party managed to win 8.9 percent of the votes in the Berlin state election, 2011.

Courts

According to the Association's Arbitration Rules, the tribunal had to decide disputes instead of state courts and its independence was warranted.

Accordingly, the State party's courts were correct in dismissing the authors' appeals against the C.R.N. 's refusal to register the association.

The result of these difficulties is a widely divergent State practice that courts and political departments have treated with justifiable caution.

In 1866 he had sided with this power against the Austrian Empire and had joined the North German Confederation, and in 1871 the grand duchy became a state of the German Empire.