But if the fluctuations can be ironed out, as John Maynard Keynes put it, total economic efficiency can be improved.

Under the new framework, the overall level of Equalization and Territorial Formula Financing will be guaranteed and not subject to fluctuations from changes to economic data.

And economic volatility has actually increased in emerging markets under financial globalization, owing in part to frequent financial crises spawned by mobile capital.

Europeans may be confused, inefficient, and slow to take decisions, but democracy still constitutes a wall of stability against economic and other uncertainties.

True, great thinkers like John Maynard Keynes and the late Nobel laureate James Tobin floated various ideas for taxing financial transactions as a way to reduce economic volatility.

Tobin was concerned about excessive fluctuations in exchange rates.

Counter cyclicality is a useful mindset for individuals and governments.

The aim should be to avoid volatility and to ensure stability and fairness.

Short run economic policy should be left in the hands of the central bank, with the legislature and the executive focusing on the long run and keeping their noses out of year to year fluctuations in employment and prices

But maintaining stability involves not only keeping inflation low, but also, and crucially, avoiding large swings in economic activity, external imbalances, and financial crises.

Moreover, experiences of countries, especially in Latin America and Asia, have shown the absolute need for safeguarding against global economic and financial volatilities, without which hard earned gains can erode almost overnight.

And so the fates are seldom wrong, no matter how they twist and wind.

Chile s fiscal institutions insure a countercyclical budget.

Is there any alternative to years of political gyrations and indecision?

Noting that climate variability, rather than climate change, is an ever present regional concern, he said that coping with present day variability would go a long way down the road towards adapting for climate change.

Unfortunately, current policy is justified in terms of pro market effectively pro cyclical choices. But it is counter cyclical efforts, institutions, and instruments that are sorely needed instead.

This has led to heightened volatility in equity, money, and debt markets.

Stimulus spending, the deficit hawks favorite bogeyman, did not cause most of the increased deficits and debt, which are the result of automatic stabilizers the tax cuts and spending increases that automatically accompany economic fluctuations.

21. Calls upon the international community to make efforts to mitigate the effects of excess volatility and economic disruption, which have a disproportionately negative impact on women, and to enhance trade opportunities for developing countries in order to improve the economic situation of women

17. Calls upon the international community to make efforts to mitigate the effects of excess volatility and economic disruption, which have a disproportionately negative impact on women, and to enhance trade opportunities for developing countries in order to improve the economic conditions of women

Indeed, the year 2009 might even be a milestone marking a new era of volatility.

Consequently, such excessive fluctuations have been viewed as a symptom of market participants irrationality.

Volatility is down, confidence is up, and risk aversion is much lower for now.

Currency fluctuations and inflation need to be taken into account in order to arrive at a real growth figure.

(d) Understanding, assessing, predicting, mitigating and adapting to climate variability and change

25. Calls upon the international community to make efforts to mitigate the effects of excess volatility and economic disruption, which have a disproportionately negative impact on women, and to enhance trade opportunities for developing countries in order to improve the economic situation of women

Calls upon the international community to make efforts to mitigate the effects of excess volatility and economic disruption, which have a disproportionately negative impact on women, and to enhance trade opportunities for developing countries in order to improve the economic situation of women

Calls upon the international community to make efforts to mitigate the effects of excess volatility and economic disruption, which have a disproportionately negative impact on women, and to enhance trade opportunities for developing countries in order to improve the economic situation of women

Kenen was mainly concerned with short term transfers to smooth out cyclical bumpiness.

Thus, when volatility spikes and liquidity dries up, those same banks scramble for dollars.

But the large swings in Polish politics are not merely the result of political shenanigans.

But both theoretical and simulation results suggest no obvious decline in volatility.

Fluctuations in exchange markets result in gains and losses in the purchasing power of reserves.

In particular, the issuance and subsequent repayment of external debt can account for large swings in such liabilities.

Those that did appear generally seem to be based on the assumption that minor fluctuations in construction costs, not massive market swings, drove the modest home price movements that they noted.

We also know that stabilization funds which set aside some of the money earned when prices are high can help reduce the economic volatility associated with natural resource prices.

The overdraft facility could again be financed with counter cyclical issues of SDRs.

But it is counter cyclical efforts, institutions, and instruments that are sorely needed instead.

Counter cyclicality does not mean running modest deficits in the good times and huge deficits in major downturns.

Aware that, although globalization and liberalization processes have created employment opportunities for women in many countries, they have made women, especially in developing countries and in particular in the least developed countries, more vulnerable to problems caused by increased economic volatility,

ECLAC has continued to carry out analytical and technical cooperation work regarding factors that promote growth and reduce volatility, i.e., the pronounced volatility of the business cycles of its member countries which has undermined their economies' ability to achieve sustained growth.

They depend on the stabilizing functions that central banks and countercyclical fiscal policy provide.

The eurozone is now running even larger ones, with swings in southern Europe augmenting Germany s longstanding surpluses.

While the Bahraini and Jordanian states have proven much more stable in relative terms, they are not immune to volatility.

BEIJING Despite fluctuations, China s overall economic growth has been stable over the last three decades, owing not only to the economy s strong fundamentals, but also to the government s successful management of cross border capital flows.