Russia has staged a modest recovery from the recession.

America s recovery from recession is anemic and largely jobless.

Indeed, the pace of private sector job growth has actually been much stronger during this recovery than during the recovery from the 2001 recession, and is comparable to the recovery from the 1990 1991 recession.

LONDON I have become increasingly less hopeful about prospects for a rapid recovery from the global recession.

The United States economy is gradually reviving, albeit slowly by the standards of recovery from a deep recession.

Unemployment is surging in many countries, even though we can detect the first signs of recovery from the recession.

CHICAGO To understand how to achieve a sustained recovery from the Great Recession, we need to understand its causes.

New York As spring comes to America, optimists are seeing green sprouts of recovery from the financial crisis and recession.

With all of the rules pointing toward recession, how can Europe boost recovery?

PALO ALTO Early signs of a manufacturing rebound, already strong in Asia, lend hope for some modest recovery from today s deep global recession.

The problem in the advanced countries is not a jobless recovery, but an anemic recovery or worse, the possibility of a double dip recession.

LONDON The developed world is slowly emerging from the Great Recession, but a question lingers How fast and how far will the recovery go?

From the trough of recessions, recovery to pre recession output levels took less than two quarters on average, and employment recovered within eight months.

As the global recession ebbs, the most urgent imperative is recovery for all a recovery that is inclusive, expands employment opportunities, reduces inequalities, and sustains development processes.

CHICAGO To understand how to achieve a sustained recovery from the Great Recession, we need to understand its causes. And identifying causes means starting with the evidence.

On the one hand, we measure recovery by our success in regaining pre recession levels of growth, output, and employment.

CAMBRIDGE A popular view among economic forecasters and market bulls is that the deeper the recession, the quicker the recovery.

For starters, much less time has elapsed since the financial crisis, the recession has been much shallower, and recovery has come faster.

Unfortunately, the Great Recession of 2008 2009 is far from being a normal global recession.

Today, for example, a prolonged recession in Europe is, alongside budget cuts, generally seen as posing the greatest risk to a sustained US recovery.

But, in a world where China links its currency to the dollar at an under valued parity, the dollar s depreciation risks major global economic damage that will further complicate recovery from the current worldwide recession.

So the lesson from the recession is clear.

Once the recession ends and recovery begins, a stock adjustment response takes hold, as households compensate for foregone replacement and update their aging durable goods.

Over most of the postwar period, this post recession release of pent up consumer demand has been a powerful source of support for economic recovery.

PALO ALTO With the American and global economies in the early stages of post recession recovery, serious questions remain about that recovery s strength and sustainability.

Its post 2008 recovery has slowed, and some observers fear that Europe s financial problems could tip the American and world economy into a second recession.

The extreme rise in real oil prices was a major cause of the current recession, and its reversal will be a major factor in recovery.

Indeed, just as microeconomic problems in the financial sector triggered a credit crunch and fueled a global recession, so microeconomic factors hold the key to recovery.

Yet the idea was suddenly revived two or three years ago. The context this time was a desire to achieve expectations of greater monetary stimulus, in order to facilitate recovery from the great recession of 2008 2009.

In the US, the most advanced country in this respect, e commerce has just reached 10 of total retail spending, and is continuing to grow at double digit rates through the slow recovery from the Great Recession.

So the end of this severe global recession will be closer at the end of this year than it is now, the recovery will be anemic rather than robust in advanced economies, and there is a rising risk of a double dip recession.

CAMBRIDGE With November s election in the United States fast approaching, the Republican candidates seeking to challenge President Barack Obama claim that his policies have done nothing to support recovery from the recession that he inherited in January 2009.

The obvious hypothesis to explain why the current US recovery like the previous two has proceeded at a sub par pace is that the speed of any recovery is linked to what caused the downturn. A pre 1990 recession was triggered by a Fed decision to switch policy from business as usual to inflation fighting.

That may prevent the world economy from falling into recession.

As a result, Japan never fully recovered from its recession.

Now they face a second blow from the global recession.

Unlike a normal cyclical recession, in which demand falls across the board and recovery requires merely rehiring laid off workers to resume their old jobs, economic recovery following a lending bust typically requires workers to move across industries and to new locations.

Another speaker stressed that natural disaster recovery was also part of the process from relief to recovery.

This pattern also characterizes the current recovery, and recent data suggest that mismatches between the demand and supply of labor by industry are back to pre recession levels.

More broadly, given Europe s slide into recession and only a slow rise in world trade volume, renewed growth and stronger import demand in Japan would support global recovery.

The idea that Obama lacks a plan is right in a sense nothing he has proposed has been big enough to boost the US economy s painfully slow recovery from the 2007 9 recession, nor to insulate it from shocks coming from Europe and from weakening growth in the rest of the world.

The full agenda would have been much easier to implement successfully if the assumptions about the nature of the recession and the likely path of recovery had been accurate.

To be sure, it was based on unrealistically optimistic assumptions about the depth of the recession, the strength of the recovery, and the level at which unemployment would peak.

Undoubtedly, the US labor market s uneven recovery has much to do with the structural and policy gaps exposed by the 2008 global financial crisis and the recession that followed.

Our attention was focused on preventing recession from turning into depression.