A strict liability that covers most of the obligations in article 30 would put too much burden on the shipper, taking into account that the carrier's liability is based on negligence.

The liability for the description of the goods would then become a strict one according to 31(2) On the other hand some delegations have stated that the liability for breach of the article 30 ought to be entirely based on negligence.

In paragraph 1 it is stated that the general liability is based on negligence.

This makes it difficult to link the obligation with a strict liability.

A strict liability is considered to put too much burden on the shipper.

To impose strict liability in respect of all significant damage therefore seemed very sweeping.

Other delegations considered the proposed strict liability regime to be inflexible and not entirely consistent with current practice.

It was suggested that the approaches of certain treaties that combined strict and fault liability should be followed.

It was also noted that in existing regimes, strict liability seemed to be limited to certain hazardous activities.

According to variant B, only the timeliness, accuracy and completeness is covered by the strict liability. The obligation to provide the information is covered by the general liability in paragraph 1.

The shipper will in that situation have a strict liability for providing the information in article 30 (b) and (c).

Another issue is that the information actually provided must be accurate and that the shipper will have a strict liability for this.

Whether the strict liability should cover the obligation to provide the information in article 30 (b) and (c) is a matter of policy.

However, it could be argued that this is already covered by the liability for providing inaccurate information in article 30, especially the proposed paragraph 2 where the liability is strict regarding information which is provided by the shipper.

Paragraph 2 then modifies the paragraph 1 by saying that for breach of its obligations under paragraphs 30 (b) and (c), the shipper has strict liability.

Some delegations have during the negotiations emphasized the importance of having a strict liability linked to the obligation in paragraph (b) and (c), especially paragraph (b).

However, recognition without action is negligence.

It was also observed that treaty practice provided limited exceptions to strict liability such as armed conflict, force majeure or compliance with a compulsory public measure, etc.

And finally some delegations have emphasized that strict liability should cover not only the accuracy and completeness of the information, but also the obligation to provide it.

The alternative text is based on the assumption that the liability for not providing the reasonable information, documents, etc. ought to be based on negligence with a reversed burden of proof (the text mirrors in this respect the provision on carrier liability) and that the scope of the provision should be the relationship between the shipper and the carrier.

Negligence is a type of damage or offense.

Such a strict liability regime was in keeping with the polluter pays principle and was beneficial for victims of hazardous activities since it relieved them of the burden of proving fault.

The difference between variant A and B is here that according to variant A the strict liability comprises the obligation to provide this information, as well as its accuracy and completeness.

In paragraph 2 in the alternative text, the shipper has a strict liability for the information that he provides, unless the carrier or anyone for whom it is responsible caused the inaccuracy.

Those responsible for this element of the investigation displayed gross negligence.

Liability insurance

Tom's strict.

Such liability is incurred only in the event of gross negligence or a denial of justice. The European Court of Human Rights has recognized the effectiveness of the remedy provided under this article, which may reasonably be used to challenge the length of any civil or criminal proceedings.

PUF, 1970 The Esthetics of Negligence La Fontaine's Contes , by John C. Lapp.

Liability of legal persons

Criminal liability of migrants

Liability of legal persons

Liability of the Tribunal

Financial liability of Members

J. Question of liability

Such liability is incurred without prejudice to the criminal liability of individuals having committed the offences.

(c) Corruption and criminal liability

(d) Liability of legal persons

My dad is very strict.

Our teacher was so strict.

The art teacher was strict.

Lynn Verinsky Because of liability insurance.

Requiring personal financial liability of staff

Liability for intentional or reckless behaviour

Negligence, prevention of child labour and abandonment of children and internally displaced persons should also be covered.