Alternative economic estimates, such as the standard of living or discretionary income per capita try to measure the human utility of economic activity.

It is expected that, by 2020, more than half of African households almost 130 million will have discretionary income to spend (or save), up from 85 million today.

Holes in the social safety net have led to high and rising levels of precautionary saving driving a wedge between increases in labor income and any impetus to discretionary purchasing power.

Notwithstanding the importance of these commitments in setting out opportunities for China s middle class, they lacked a critical component incentives for Chinese families to convert their newfound income into discretionary consumption.

Indeed, some countries are dependent on this income flow.

However, those mechanisms should not reflect political or discretionary considerations.

Benefits should be expanded and extended for a limited, discretionary period.

Public finance (or, in some cases, government regulated cooperative insurance funds that amount to public financing) pays for most discretionary medical services, with private insurance supplementing only minimal extra services.

Some sports are more sensitive to income and host nation effects than others.

Judges, especially the President of the Court, have been granted wide discretionary powers.

Some leading regions in India are now the envy of other middle income countries.

By some measures, nearly half of all Americans do not pay any income tax already, so cutting taxes skews an already very unequal income distribution.

The increase in the deficit is the sum of these automatic stabilizers and discretionary programs.

As at March 2005, 93 countries and territories had produced 104 such reports, ranging from middle income countries to some of the lowest income least developed countries.

Some states use a Guaranteed Minimum Income system, in which all members of a state receive sufficient income to live on, so long as they meet certain conditions.

The decision depends, rather, on the discretionary authority of a minister and thus of the executive.

In an age of rising inequality, at least some countries have narrowed their wealth and income gaps.

Yet some other high income countries, such as the United States and Canada, are not keeping up.

Some evidence suggests that migrant women remit more of their income to their families than male migrants.

So he called for a five year freeze on what the US government calls discretionary civilian spending.

Consumers can reduce spending on other discretionary items and use the savings to pay higher gasoline prices.

To get the economy going, some people will, in fact, have to bear some pain, but the increasingly skewed income distribution gives clear guidance to whom this should be Approximately a quarter of all income in the US now goes to the top 1 , while most Americans income is lower today than it was a dozen years ago.

Some Summit participants had therefore stressed the importance of extending relief to non HIPC and middle income States.

For instance, the fuel efficiency of every automobile and truck is fixed, and most travel is non discretionary.

Governments should also work to improve tax compliance and reduce evasion, which requires limiting tax officials discretionary authority.

Economically, therefore, the federal budget cushions regional shocks automatically through discretionary action and stabilizing transfers to the states.

Diplomatic protection should continue to be a discretionary right of States and not an international obligation for them.

The deployment of human capital has become an important factor in explaining why some countries remain stuck in a middle income trap and why others cannot break out of low income status.

Miscellaneous income interest income

Each director has an annual discretionary budget of approximately 40,000, which is allocated for national consultants and other expenses.

The Government currently supports a small number of healing programmes through discretionary grants and other non ongoing funding sources.

Discretionary consumption is typically deferred during recessions, especially for long lasting durable goods such as motor vehicles, furniture, and appliances.

It is worth stimulating the economy with discretionary fiscal policy only occasionally specifically, when not doing so would be calamitous.

But now there is talk of how the global crisis is slowing down these economies and killing off discretionary spending.

Most states have a version of this discretionary disclosure rule under Rules of Professional Conduct, Rule 1.6 (or its equivalent).

In the opinion of UNHCR and for the purpose of financial management, focusing solely on income and expenditures has some inherent limitations a comprehensive view of income from all sources provides a more complete picture.

In many castes of low ritual rank, landlords, prosperous cultivators and traders were found, some of whom actually paid income tax.

Some adjustments, like in France nowadays, weigh mostly on high income, high wealth individuals others, like in Italy, weigh on pensioners.

Windows 3.0 became a major source of income for Microsoft, and led the company to revise some of its earlier plans.

In some places, local people derive income from ecosystem services, such as ecotourism or environmental protection, but this is not common.

For example, the Serb volunteer army earned its income from looting, despite the fact that it had some vague, higher objectives.

For this reason, some United States entities have ceased acquiring Cuban publications, resulting in a loss of income to the country.

The discretionary power of executives, in past crises, was curbed by new interventionist institutions constructed on the fly by legislative action.

To rationalize the efficacy of this approach, the Fed has rewritten the script on the transmission mechanism of discretionary monetary policy.

Under section 417 of the Migration Act, the Minister for Immigration has a discretionary power to substitute a more favourable decision.