Sustainable growth requires sustained private sector demand.

With private sector demand still weak, austerity is slowing, not accelerating, recovery.

Where demand exceeded supply, private education voucher recipients were selected by lottery.

The private sector has met most of the growing demand for childcare.

What is needed is a large worldwide fiscal stimulus to counteract falling private demand.

Carbon prices expand the potential for both public and private financing by raising public revenue and creating private sector demand for emission reductions.

Ongoing private and public debt deleveraging has kept global demand growth below that of supply.

Public debt could be reduced without fear of recession, because private demand would be stronger.

Governments absorb the excess of private savings over private investment and re inject it into the global economy, thereby stabilizing aggregate demand and the financial system.

The economy of Lebanon is a developing economy, with a private sector that contributes to 75 of aggregate demand and a large banking sector that supports this demand.

The pace of deficit reduction must be slowed, particularly in Spain, because output is determined in the short run by demand, and private demand cannot replace public demand until a degree of faith in the future is restored.

Reducing dependence on external demand for example, by promoting private sector investment and encouraging household expenditure is crucial.

With private consumption representing more than 70 of aggregate US demand, cutbacks in household spending will deepen the recession.

Private and public deleveraging can hardly take place at the same time, unless trade partners generate demand for exports.

First, it means shifting demand back to the private sector when it is strong enough to carry the load.

The task for economic policy was to compensate for the resulting shortfall in private demand until households eventually recovered.

An income tax hike will reduce private demand (unless one believes in perfect Ricardian equivalence), including demand for other countries exports. Other macroeconomic policies of all kinds influence the current account balance.

The response to the private sector failures and profligacy that had caused the crisis was to demand public sector austerity!

Second, the pace of consolidation should remain moderate as long as private demand remains constrained by deleveraging or credit restrictions.

Public transport options remain inadequate, and demand for private vehicles continues to grow dramatically, in industrialized and developing countries alike.

Large increases in public and private expenditures will therefore be required in many regions of the world to counteract falling demand.

The Lehman Brothers bankruptcy created an extraordinary and immediate demand for additional bank capital, which the private sector could not supply.

Half of India s growth has come from private consumption, and less than 10 from external demand by contrast, 65 of China s real GDP growth comes from exports, and only 25 from private consumption.

The effects of the policy stimulus, moreover, will fizzle out by early next year, requiring greater private demand to support continued growth.

The imbalances were reduced temporarily as the global financial crisis caused private demand to drop in the US, the UK, and elsewhere.

If income concentration could be reduced as the budget deficit was reduced, demand could be financed by sustainable, broad based private incomes.

16. Encourages regional cooperation, including through the private sector and public private partnerships, to intermediate between savings and demand for long term investment in developing countries, including the development, where appropriate, of regional bond markets

Japan s deflation and economic stagnation over the last two decades stemmed largely from a dysfunctional financial system and a lack of private demand.

As the private sector deleverages and attempts to rebuild its balance sheets, consumption and investment demand have collapsed, bringing output down with them.

We demand an increase in the wages of the public and private sectors to decrease the burden of living expenses on the working class

With a significant amount of R D activity occurring in the private sector, business enterprises serve as a primary source of demand for S T specialists.

If they take away the monetary and fiscal stimulus too soon when private demand remains shaky there is a risk of falling back into recession and deflation.

The appearance of an extra 500 billion in demand for risky assets will reduce the quantity of risky assets that other private investors will have to hold.

If the IMF had to live up to private sector standards, it would create a new instrument that would meet members potential demand for short term liquidity.

The conclusion that Greece needed official loans to repay its private creditors ensured that Greek debt remained large, compelling eurozone leaders to demand economically debilitating fiscal austerity.

The medicine that has helped, and that remains necessary for the time being, is government debt. Governments absorb the excess of private savings over private investment and re inject it into the global economy, thereby stabilizing aggregate demand and the financial system.

Neglect of the private sector has left Europe in a sad quandary. On the supply side, permanently lower output makes fiscal adjustment even more compulsory but, on the demand side, a weak private economy lacks the resilience needed to weather fiscal retrenchment.

When the private and social returns of investment diminish too much, growth cannot be sustained indefinitely, even though rising investment rates can sustain aggregate demand for a while.

The third target of collective action, rebalancing, has two meanings. First, it means shifting demand back to the private sector when it is strong enough to carry the load.

The combination of high oil prices and production, low interest rates, ample liquidity in both public and private sectors and associated domestic demand expansion gave rise to strong growth.

Back in 1825, the Bank of England s Governor Cornelius Buller understood that when the private sector had a sudden panic driven spike in demand for safe and liquid financial assets, it was the Bank s responsibility to meet that demand and so keep bankruptcy and depression at bay.

The US economy needs a second round of fiscal stimulus in the short term to make up for low private demand, together with a credible long term fiscal consolidation program.

Likewise, they now recognize that bailout loans that give the new lender seniority over other creditors worsen the position of private investors, who will simply demand even higher interest rates.

On the supply side, permanently lower output makes fiscal adjustment even more compulsory but, on the demand side, a weak private economy lacks the resilience needed to weather fiscal retrenchment.

At a time when every component of private demand was collapsing, the boost from higher government spending and lower taxes stopped the global economy s free fall and created the basis for recovery.