By the start of the 20th century it was dominated by Muslim Circassians from the Caucasus.

By the 18th century, the term came to be used often to refer to handheld firearms.

That Earth would likely warm in the 1980's, and warming would exceed the noise level of random weather by the end of the century.

By the 8th century, the Slavs were the dominant ethnic group on the East European Plain.

Although the size of the city states and the scale of political organization grew during the 7th to early 9th centuries, no sizeable kingdom had yet emerged by the 9th century.

By the following century, the idea of the stars being the same as the Sun was reaching a consensus among astronomers.

By the 2nd century, Silla was a large state, occupying and influencing nearby city states.

By the late 1990 s, however, it had had enough.

By the 18th century, they were part of a larger global economy brought about by European entry into the fur trade.

We will need to shift to no or low carbon energy by mid century.

Yet we must complete most of the transformation to low carbon energy by mid century.

By the late 1980 s, however, policymakers had become re enamored with capital mobility.

By the 19th century, the empire began to decline when ethno nationalist uprisings occurred across the empire.

Nevertheless, by the 1970 s the pre Thatcher political economy was in crisis.

By the 1990 s, however, emulation of other banking models was back in fashion.

This would be the equivalent of imposing a cost of more than 4,000 on each inhabitant every year, by the end of the century.

By the 20th century, there was a revival of interest in the language, which has continued to this day.

By the 1980s, corporations like Sony had become world leaders in the music recording and playback industry.

In England, they were deliberately introduced by the 13th century and their colonies were carefully protected.

There is a significant delay between carbon cuts and any temperature drop even halving global emissions by mid century would barely be measurable by the end of the century.

By the middle of this century, Asia should again represent half the world s population and GDP.

By the 4th century, John Chrysostom was arguing that the Pharisees alone, not the Romans, were responsible for the murder of Christ.

19th Century By the early 19th century, there were 52 London papers and over 100 other titles.

Men and women in the United States smoked cigarettes at vastly different rates at the beginning of the twentieth century, but these rates largely converged by the 1980 s.

They first look at the different ways that climate change will affect us at mid century.

Indeed, by the early to mid 2020 s, the Asian consumer market will be twice the size of the US market.

By the end of the century, the United Nations expects the average person to be 1,400 richer than today.

In the 1980 s, America s Environmental Protection Agency expected oceans to rise by several metres by 2100.

The widely used RICE climate economic model shows a miniscule drop of 0.05 degrees Centigrade over the next 90 years. Despite the huge outlay, the difference in climate by the end of the century would be practically indiscernible.

Some scientists say that the average human lifespan could reach 90 years or more by mid century.

Other Indonesian areas gradually adopted Islam, and it was the dominant religion in Java and Sumatra by the end of the 16th century.

By the end of the eighteenth century, Spanish and Portuguese power waned on the global scene as other European powers took their place, notably Britain and France.

Early clinical psychology By the second half of the 1800s, the scientific study of psychology was becoming well established in university laboratories.

Other Indonesian areas gradually adopted Islam, making it the dominant religion in Java and Sumatra by the end of the 16th century.

By the middle of the 18th century Havana had more than seventy thousand inhabitants, and was the third largest city in the Americas, ranking behind Lima and Mexico City but ahead of Boston and New York.

During Valery Giscard d Estaing s presidency in the 1970 s, unemployment rose every year, reaching 6.3 by 1980.

By the 1970 s, however, the IMF and Western powers began to dismantle the theory and practice of regulating global capital flows.

After Cai invented the papermaking process in 105, it became widely used as a writing medium in China by the 3rd century.

By the end of the 6th century, Avars organized regular incursions into northern Bulgaria, which were a prelude to the en masse arrival of the Slavs.

Reign of Nicholas II By the beginning of the 20th century the IPM had become one of the leading porcelain factories in Europe.

Ancona Included in the Papal States since 774, Ancona came under the influence of the Holy Roman Empire around 1000, but gradually gained independence to become fully independent with the coming of the communes in the 12th century.

Unless we act, by mid century the global economy will be characterized by massive waste of talent and unequal opportunities.

On our current course, without a significant mitigation effort, by mid century we would be at around four times the safe level.

During this period several rulers attempted to unite the various Anglo Saxon kingdoms, an effort that led to the emergence of the Kingdom of England by the 10th century.

By the middle of the 19th century, the sovereign appointed royal governors on the advice of the Secretary of State for the Colonies.