This makes economies significantly less vulnerable to external shocks.

China is thus far more vulnerable to external shocks.

They are also the most vulnerable to the shocks of the financial crisis.

Small, open economies are naturally somewhat specialized, which leaves them vulnerable to shocks and volatility.

Asian economies deepening trade and financial integration has left them increasingly vulnerable to growth shocks from China, with exporters of commodities and capital goods especially vulnerable.

Nevertheless, they still face substantial difficulties in participating in services trade, and their exports are particularly vulnerable to external shocks.

As a result, post crisis economies are far more vulnerable to shocks and prone to relapses than might otherwise be the case.

That Committee rightly considered lack of economic diversification as an indicator of the exposure to shocks and recognized that small countries tended to be more vulnerable to external shocks than large ones (E 2005 33, paras. 26 and 27).

A lack of investment in agriculture that feeds local communities makes these countries vulnerable to international price shocks, as well as to exchange rate volatility.

A fundamental shock bigger than the one in 1929 1930 hit a financial system that was much more vulnerable to shocks than was the case back then.

With the Lebanese pound (LL) pegged to the United States dollar, the prevailing very high debt to GDP and debt to export ratios make that economy extremely vulnerable to adverse shocks.

Of course, to some degree, a capitalist system will always be vulnerable to shocks and crises. The question is how to respond to them to minimize the fallout, while bolstering the system s resilience.

The International Monetary Fund s Mission Report of March 2009, pointing to the country s 30 years of chronic political tumult, concluded that Lebanon will remain vulnerable to shocks for many years to come.

His country's fledgling efforts at industrial development were vulnerable to even minor shocks and faced huge challenges posed by the weakness of the private sector, including small and medium enterprises.

Germany s Five Shocks

The US may be less vulnerable in the long run if it imports less energy, but oil is a fungible commodity, and the US economy will remain sensitive to shocks from sudden changes in world prices.

When a country gives up its monetary sovereignty, its banks are effectively borrowing in a foreign currency, making them exceptionally vulnerable to liquidity shocks, like that which sparked turmoil in Europe s banking system in 2010 2011.

So expect big shocks.

Adjustment, support to trade and trade related shocks

18. Also notes the initial discussion in the International Monetary Fund on a new liquidity instrument that would enable high access financial support to developing countries that have market access and strong economic policies but nonetheless remain vulnerable to shocks

That might also help mitigate the impact of larger shocks and increase the net return potential during severe shocks (though it might also lower the return potential for more mild shocks).

Strong capital inflows, especially of foreign direct investment, and terms of trade recovery since 2009 have made the region less vulnerable to external shocks that is, to recurrence of the abrupt capital flow reversal that occurred in late 2008 and early 2009.

While these figures may be helpful in indicating how countries can harness services trade for development, developing countries remain particularly vulnerable to external shocks over which they have no control, given their over dependence on a limited number of service activities.

Moreover, energy and food price shocks can be both large and largely unpredictable, while the speed of price changes tends to increase with big shocks.

Some have collective shocks to the marginal utility of leisure.

Debt sustainability is also affected by vulnerability to external shocks.

A sensible approach could be to hedge against intermediate level shocks.

Countries have accumulated large reserves in order to insure against shocks.

Attempting to exceed these speed limits not only risks damaging the fiscal balance and the dollar s stability and resilience, but also may leave the economy and government finances highly vulnerable to future shocks that outweigh the quite modest short term benefits of accelerated investment and employment.

Small island developing States that would graduate from least developed country status would become, in a relatively short time, ineligible for concessionary or preferential treatment, which would severely restrict their ability to recover, for example, from natural disasters and economic shocks to which they are particularly vulnerable.

But it also includes physical resilience and the ability to withstand shocks.

This external dependence increases their vulnerability to external economic threats and shocks.

Groups vulnerable to discrimination

Access to vulnerable populations

Third, financial shocks will be worse than expected.

But, even if we accept that conclusion, we are left to wonder what caused large shocks to uncertainty and to liquidity financial risk in recent years, and how reliably such shocks can be predicted.

The goal is not to absorb shocks but to reduce income gaps across regions.

In the future, climate change can be expected to cause more supply shocks.

But the decreased flexibility in response to economic shocks will certainly test it.

They are facing the argument that the United States monetary union works much better because there is a large federal budget to smooth the impact of asymmetric shocks that is, shocks to individual states.

And the lack of shock shocks me even more...

Indeed, many now apparently assume that their countries have become immune to future shocks.

The most immediate challenge is to safeguard the financial system s stability against external shocks.

There are no great shocks but various declines and crises.

By and large, these developments enhance an economy s resilience to shocks and prevent economic collapse.