There are structural explanations for policy inaction as well.

And political polarization narrows the scope for effective tactical and structural policy responses.

Ms. Maria E. Maher, Senior Economist, Structural Policy Analysis Division, Economics Department, OECD, Paris

Moreover, monetary policy cannot be a long term substitute for structural reforms and sustainable budgets.

Increases in civil service salaries are not a sufficient policy response structural reforms also are needed.

This deficit was due to structural conditions that were insensitive to monetary policy, specifically trade conditions.

It will include items such as the common agricultural policy, regional structural funds, and research and innovation.

A rising nominal and real exchange rate can propel structural change a weak currency policy is a trap.

For example, the EU s policy notes that foreseen flexibility rules can compensate for local climatic, cultural, or structural differences.

But policy mismanagement and structural weaknesses in the financial sector and local governments could undermine efforts to safeguard growth.

In many other countries, fiscal policy is crippled by confusion between short term cyclical and long term structural deficits.

That policy, almost instantly dubbed Abenomics, comprises what have been called the three arrows bold monetary policy, an expansionary fiscal stance, and structural reforms to stimulate private investment.

A shadow or actual International Monetary Fund program would vastly enhance the credibility of a policy of fiscal retrenchment and structural reforms.

Restoring balance and eliminating the distortions will require time, investment, and structural change, and should be the central focus of America s economic policy.

Europe s salvation now depends on a fundamental change in Germany s economic policy stance, and in France s position on political integration and structural reforms.

This assertiveness has been on full display under Prime Minister Shinzo Abe, who has vowed to attack Japan s prolonged economic morass using three arrows expansionary monetary policy, aggressive fiscal policy, and structural reform.

Structural change is viewed largely as the province of the private sector, and hence not as a key part of long term policy thinking.

It reflects the impact of fundamental (and historic) economic and financial re alignments, insufficient policy responses, and system wide rigidities that frustrate structural change.

General emancipation policy provides a structural guarantee of continued interest in improving the position of women and cannot therefore be ignored in this report.

The crisis also revealed the structural weaknesses of the economy, reflected in the restricted policy options of the central Government and the narrow export base.

The method proposed here for exposing structural gender discrimination in law and public policy is supplemental to the existing instrument of Gender Impact Assessments (GIA).

From the doubling of the money supply to additional fiscal stimulus and wide ranging structural reforms, the new policy paradigm is nothing less than one of the boldest economic policy experiments in Japan s post war history.

Social cohesion has been another area of focus for ECLAC, particularly the formulation of public policy proposals to address the structural heterogeneity prevailing in the region.

While fears of meltdown have dissipated, these policies have been maintained or extended, with policymakers citing the fragility of the ongoing economic recovery and the absence of other, equally strong policy levers such as fiscal policy or structural reforms that could replace monetary policy quickly enough.

South South FDI flows have been motivated by push and pull factors, and similar structural, cyclical and policy factors similar to those between developed and developing countries.

Africa s Structural Transformation Challenge

Structural and jurisdictional issues

Structural foundations remained intact.

The European Central Bank does not possess the proper structural policy tools, and it has already been forced to bear burdens that, arguably, are beyond its strictly defined mandate.

Undoubtedly, the US labor market s uneven recovery has much to do with the structural and policy gaps exposed by the 2008 global financial crisis and the recession that followed.

The Mirage of Structural Reform

Any structural adjustment is painful.

A second argument against further monetary policy action is that it should be considered only as a reward for budgetary austerity and structural reform, areas in which politicians continue to underperform.

Structural change is, by definition, innovative.

But, to accomplish this transition, China s leaders must implement deep and comprehensive structural reforms that reverse a policy approach that continues to encourage investment and exports while explicitly and implicitly taxing consumption.

Furthermore, economic policy changes and structural reforms that were enacted in the wake of the 1997 1998 Asian financial crisis significantly reduced the region s vulnerability to financial shocks over the past decade.

It is not clear if deflation can be beaten with monetary policy excessive fiscal stimulus and deferred austerity may make the debt unsustainable and the structural reform components of Abenomics are vague.

But it also must include a shift to a policy framework that accurately reflects the non cyclical nature of the longer term structural adaptations that will be required to restore growth and employment.

With the Chinese economy still growing at close to 10 per year, the government can afford to take more short term policy risk in order to clear the way for its structural agenda.

The key is to have the right policy framework in place to facilitate private sector alignment with the country s comparative advantages, and to benefit from latecomer advantages in the process of structural change.

But it is also worth noting that the government is well aware of the problems, and has begun to take measures to put structural adjustment back at the top of the policy agenda.

This study develops a method for exposing structural gender discrimination, based on the literature on the construction of gender and the role played by gender in the drafting of law and public policy.

Structural analysis is often in terms of incompressible dynamic pressure, so that equivalent airspeed is a useful speed for structural testing.

EMU was designed to encourage structural reforms.

This structural shift has enormous practical significance.