Experiments in water management focus on the development of water harvesting techniques, the promotion of desalination plants and dam construction.

About half of the production is consumed in water treatment.

WASH emergency preparedness

UNICEF and the Water and Sanitation Program are collaborating on a number of initiatives.

The Water, Sanitation and Infrastructure Branch has integrated norms of good urban governance into its activities related to water education and management.

Endorses the UNICEF water, sanitation and hygiene strategies for 2006 2015 (E ICEF 2006 6) as the UNICEF official strategy document for programmes of support in the area of water, sanitation and hygiene.

However, sustainable use of groundwater resources would require regulatory regimes to control aquifer depletion and protect water quality, for which monitoring and enforcement capacities would need to be developed or enhanced.

While integrated water resource management provides an integrated framework for addressing water issues, countries will want to tailor integrated water resources management plans to their own particular water management needs and objectives.

Figure 1 UNICEF WASH expenditure, 1990 to 2004 (In millions of United States dollars)

The total per capita water consumption in Israel was less than half of that defined by the United Nations as the shortage red line .

Consultations on water for Eastern European cities were initiated, while training and capacity building for water supply management was carried out in eight countries.

The scope of emergency WASH activities is rapidly expanding.

This applies in particular to the Water Framework Directive and the Common Agricultural Policy.

These priorities include water scarcity and pollution sanitation, safe drinking water and health gender mainstreaming in water and sanitation integrated water resources management transboundary water issues and disaster reduction.

The gains made in water supply coverage are increasingly threatened.

They called on Governments to provide greater support for integrated water resources management, a doubling of aid for water and sanitation by 2010 and an integration of human settlements in development strategies.

In his late twenties he entered into private practice as a professional engineer with special expertise in water transport.

(d) Major groups' priorities for action in water, sanitation and human settlements (E CN.17 2005 5)

Drawing on its competencies in emergency WASH programmes, UNICEF will provide appropriate assistance to governments and other stakeholders in the development of national plans for WASH emergency preparedness.

An estimated 1.7 billion of agricultural production is lost annually due to poor water management.

Metering is considered good practice in water supply and is widespread in developed countries, except for the United Kingdom.

Further cooperation will be provided in the area of water management, since industrial effluents are a major source of pollution to rivers.

The process of strengthening regional offices with dedicated WASH professionals has already been initiated.

The paper provided content for much of the discussion on the cross cutting issue of gender in water and sanitation.

Instead of using full time WASH professionals, most country offices will rely on other staff to serve as WASH focal points.

A further 1.6 billion people live in areas experiencing economic water scarcity, where the lack of investment in water or insufficient human capacity make it impossible for authorities to satisfy the demand for water.

Similarly, UNIDO's services in the field of water management provide for the transfer of ESTs to prevent discharges of industrial effluents into international waters (rivers, lakes, wetlands and coastal areas) and thereby protect water resources for future generations.

Even before the construction of the barrier, the Government of Israel had permitted active discrimination against Palestinians in respect of access to water.

At the same meeting, the Commission approved the accreditation of the Global Water Partnership to participate as an observer in its thirteenth session.

Also highlighted was the need for financial and technical assistance to national and local authorities in deploying effective and environmentally sound sewerage systems and for the treatment and reuse of wastewater.

Country offices implementing the basic WASH package will rely heavily on WASH professionals in other countries in the region, regional offices and headquarters.

In recent years, UNICEF (in partnership with WHO) has increasingly supported water safety planning, water quality monitoring and improvement programming.

WASH must have full section status within the country office and must be a full programme within the Country Programme Action Plan.

Source Guy Hutton and Laurence Haller, Evaluation of the costs and benefits of water and sanitation improvements at the global level (WHO, 2004).

(a) Taking policy decisions on practical measures and options to expedite implementation in the thematic cluster of issues on water, sanitation and human settlements

TOLEDO, SPAIN This autumn, the Toledo International Centre for Peace convened a meeting devoted to water cooperation in the Middle East.

In all other programme countries, country offices will support a basic package of WASH activities.

The team in headquarters will play an increasingly important role in promoting technological innovation in UNICEF WASH programmes.

The main water sources are surface waters.

In April 2005, the UN Habitat Governing Council supported further actions in the field of urban drinking water and sanitation and invited Governments and international financial institutions to increase their support for the water and sanitation activities of UN Habitat.

Backup will be provided by regional offices and through partnerships with specialist WASH organizations and consultants as appropriate.

UNEP has also undertaken initiatives to strengthen the capacity of women in rural areas in knowledge sharing and natural resources management, for example in water and sanitation management.

22 2 Water

Two core human rights instruments the Convention on the Rights of the Child and the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women explicitly recognize the right to water.

Actors at this level, who are typically led by local government, are the main duty bearers in WASH service delivery.