Thus, a 10 increase in working time is the same as if the economy s stock of productive capital were increased by 10 .

In fact, as China undergoes a process of capital deepening (increasing capital per worker), even more investment is needed to contribute to higher output and technological advancement in various sectors.

That means increasing capital and human capital intensity across both the tradable and non tradable sectors of the economy.

We consolidated them from 89 to 25 banks by requiring that they increase their capital share capital.

Even firms in established industries such as energy report facing great difficulties in raising capital.

Even the stronger banks are being pressed to increase their capital reserves.

Rising incomes require rising productivity. That means increasing capital and human capital intensity across both the tradable and non tradable sectors of the economy.

Initial capital

The bankers retort that they must pay a higher return on any additional equity that they issue, so that more equity would increase their cost of capital, forcing them to raise interest rates on the loans they make, which would reduce economic activity.

As above, firm value is enhanced when, and if, the return on capital exceeds the cost of capital.

The result is an increase in the cost of capital to firms, which lowers investment and exacerbates the crisis.

It is for this reason that I have suggested a capital increase to the shareholders of the bank to 30 billion from the current 20 billion.

The Art of Capital Flight

Damming Capital

The Capital Flow Conundrum

Capital flows and remittances

E. Financial capital and resilience

The portion of capital inflows that is not re exported represents net capital inflows.

We also found that increasing capital buffers to appropriate levels helps, rather than hurts, economic growth.

The Siren Song of Capital Controls

Investment and private flows

(o) Working Capital Fund

Brazil has been aggressive in terms of capital restrictions, twice increasing its tax on financial inflows.

This has increased the vulnerability of many emerging markets to a sharp reversal in capital flows.

With time, they could leverage retained earnings, increasing their lending potential without additional paid in capital.

They calculated that 75 to 80 of economic growth did not come from increasing the capital output ratio at least not if the private marginal product of capital was taken as an indicator of the social marginal product.

And, to address volatile capital flows, countries should increase exchange rate flexibility, maintain adequate international reserves, and implement carefully designed capital controls.

व श व क प ज क र ख फ र ट यर क ओर

Jacqueline Novogratz on patient capitalism

The reason lies in capital movements.

Finally, there is the path of public capital.

Surviving the Great Capital Flood

Raising capital is expensive.

The Temptation of China s Capital Account

List of tables

Before World War II, venture capital investments (originally known as development capital ) were primarily the domain of wealthy individuals and families.

This is why equity capital held by financial institutions typically is more than twice as expensive as debt capital and why these institutions try to minimize its use.

Government educates and invests, increasing the supply and reducing the premium earned by skilled workers, and lowering the rate of return on physical capital.

Whereas equities have dividends, bonds have coupons, and homes provide rents, gold is solely a play on capital appreciation.

Moreover, Li has called upon the banking sector to reinvigorate idle capital and allocate incremental capital more effectively.

Europe s Chimerical Capital Markets Union

Bank Regulation s Capital Mistake

Overexpenditure of small capitalization fees

Encouraging private capital flows and remittances

Advances from the Working Capital Fund