The policies needed to do so vary by country and involve structural shifts.

Debt constrained structural adjustment policies compounded the problem through a decline in agricultural investment.

But this can and should be addressed by domestic policies aimed at bringing about structural change, not by external policies like exchange rate appreciation.

The great advantage of industrial policies is that they enable growth promoting structural change without generating trade surpluses.

Also decides to replace the phrase effects of structural adjustment policies by effects of economic reform policies in the title of the mandate of this current special procedure

In other emerging markets, too, the main challenge is to ensure that all macroeconomic and structural policies advance common goals.

Beyond political and fiscal unification and short term growth policies, Europeans urgently need structural reforms aimed at restoring Europe s competitiveness.

In particular, expansionary monetary and fiscal policies which are helpful in the short term must be accompanied by fundamental structural reforms.

Reconfirm that there is an urgent need for structural reforms and policies establishing social cohesion both at national and regional levels.

The correct implication, which Phelps repeatedly emphasized, is that governments can implement a variety of policies, particularly structural policies, to allow the economy to operate at a lower level of unemployment.

Emphasizes that poverty eradication policies should attack poverty by addressing its root and structural causes and manifestations, and that equity and the reduction of inequalities need to be incorporated in those policies

8. Emphasizes that poverty eradication policies should attack poverty by addressing its root and structural causes and manifestations, and that equity and the reduction of inequalities need to be incorporated in those policies

From 1960 to 1973, African Governments pursued activist policies in protecting industries and defending livelihoods, but the 1973 oil crisis led to serious indebtedness, worsened by the International Monetary Fund's structural adjustment policies.

12. Stresses the need for structural reforms to strengthen corporate governance, accounting and auditing, in particular when inadequate policies can have systemic consequences

7. Stresses the need for structural reforms to strengthen corporate governance, accounting and auditing, in particular when inadequate policies can have systemic consequences

Moreover, while America's status as the world's sole superpower is a structural fact, wise policies can soften the sharp edges of this reality.

Reductions in the natural rate of unemployment must, according to the concept, be achieved through structural policies directed towards an economy's supply side.

8. Also emphasizes that poverty eradication policies should attack poverty by addressing its root and structural causes and manifestations, and that equity and the reduction of inequalities need to be incorporated in those policies

8. Also emphasizes that poverty eradication policies should attack poverty by addressing its root and structural causes and manifestations, and that equity and the reduction of inequalities need to be incorporated in those policies

Unfortunately, fiscal austerity and structural reforms are at least in the short run recessionary and deflationary. So other policies are needed to restore growth.

This should be matched by the creation of supply capacities in developing countries, which requires production and trade sector policies that encourage structural transformation.

But igniting and sustaining rapid growth requires something more production oriented policies that stimulate ongoing structural change and foster employment in new economic activities.

So a eurozone that needs fiscal austerity, structural reforms, and appropriate macroeconomic and financial policies is weakened politically at both the EU and national levels.

One centers on the eurozone's structural flaws and aims at strengthening the institutional framework, whereas the other highlights faulty domestic policies and focuses on austerity.

Abe is doing what many economists (including me) have been calling for in the US and Europe a comprehensive program entailing monetary, fiscal, and structural policies.

The impact was greater in countries that had a history of structural fiscal problems, maintained loose fiscal policies, and ignored fiscal reforms during the boom years.

If the Governments of the region continue to be told to implement failed structural adjustment policies, Africa will continue to finance the opulence of rich countries.

In the Latin America and Caribbean region a series of stabilization and structural adjustment reform policies have been implemented to ensure high and steady growth rates, but these policies have been frustrated by periodic financial and macroeconomic instability.

LIDLIP made a number of oral presentations. In one, linking the questions of globalization and transnational corporations, it called on the Sub Commission to study the impact and consequences of globalization and of neoliberal policies and structural adjustment policies.

Countries with a stronger fiscal position (that is, smaller structural deficits) should be encouraged to adopt more expansionary policies in order to contribute to lifting overall demand.

The difference is that China has implemented structural and thus longer lasting credit based policies, while other emerging economies have been drawn into a cyclical lending binge.

Meanwhile, India, constrained by a high fiscal deficit and persistent inflationary pressure, has less scope for expansionary policies and faces significant challenges in pursuing credible structural reform.

How they use monetary, fiscal, structural, institutional, and regulatory policies may differ, but each will ultimately be judged by how close he comes to achieving that goal.

Third, advanced and emerging economies that are running chronic surpluses must get rid of them. The policies needed to do so vary by country and involve structural shifts.

It would be counterproductive to focus on treating the symptoms, only to realize later that the unprecedented budgets for structural policies are neither economically efficient nor politically acceptable.

Economists enamored of the neo liberal Washington Consensus may have written it off, but successful economies have always relied on government policies that promote growth by accelerating structural transformation.

The high unemployment currently afflicting the North Atlantic, critics of government stimulus maintain, is not cyclical but structural, and thus cannot be alleviated by policies that boost aggregate demand.

To achieve economic growth, countries need at a minimum three things economic and financial stability, structural policies that help the private sector to flourish, and a supportive external environment.

But, for the most part, fiscal and monetary policies have so far not followed leaders rhetorical promises of deep structural reforms and redistribution to favor the indigenous and the poor.

In the 1980 s, there was a switch from projects to policies structural adjustments, involving trade liberalization, privatization, and macroeconomic stabilization (typically focusing on prices rather than employment or output.)

But the eurozone faces a short term problem that is much more Keynesian in nature, and for which longer term structural remedies are ineffective at best and harmful at worst. Too much focus on structural problems, at the expense of Keynesian policies, will make the long run unachievable and hence irrelevant.

Postponing the exit after the June election with a new government committed to a variant of the same failed policies (recessionary austerity and structural reforms) will not restore growth and competitiveness.

Better measurement of such flows will lead to more accurate assessment of economic conditions, thus helping to formulate better macroeconomic and structural policies and support the development process as a whole.

To attain the agreed development objectives, there must be a renunciation of the ill conceived policies imposed on a number of developing countries under structural adjustment programmes begun three decades ago.

Africa s Structural Transformation Challenge