Of course, such externalities have always existed.

Public project evaluation must therefore follow parameters that account for externalities.

Indeed, the entire financial sector was rife with agency problems and externalities.

Raising funds by taxing negative externalities reduces distortions rather than creating them.

The financial sector has imposed huge externalities on the rest of society.

Governments must invest in transport and communication networks counteract asymmetric information, externalities, and unequal bargaining power moderate financial panics and recessions and respond to popular demands for safety nets and social insurance.

This is called bundling. It's bringing those externalities back into the price of the commodity.

Moreover, most economic models do not account for the externalities related to coal and carbon pollution.

The nature of externalities means that financial firms do not care about the costs that they may create for others. Big and small firms can create a wide variety of externalities, and these have to be examined carefully and dispassionately exactly as Stein is recommending.

They need regulations to ensure that consumers make informed decisions, externalities are internalized, and market power is not abused.

Decentralized policy and growing externalities will result in partial de globalization, especially in macroeconomic configurations, finance, and capital accounts.

Finally, it is important to have appropriate environmental standards that monitor and set controls on adverse externalities generated by firms.

Moreover, they can generate positive externalities for the wider economy, contributing to a vibrant enterprise sector and increased economic activity.

What is new today is the focus on urbanization s negative externalities especially the thorny issues of land confiscation and environmental degradation.

As a result, the nation state and its subsidiaries, the typical loci for internalizing externalities, are limited in their remedial capacity.

Moreover, unlike private firms, governments can count as profits on their investments the benefits of positive externalities (benefits that accrue to everyone).

In addition, while China s output is affected by advanced country economic performance, its financial system is largely insulated from monetary policy externalities.

These include the crowding out of domestic service suppliers, potential effects on the balance of payments, and negative cultural and environmental externalities.

But the un priced environmental externalities global warming and water depletion, for example will require serious attention, not myopic, reactive mindsets and approaches.

PUMA has 2.7 billion dollars of turnover, 300 million dollars of profits, 200 million dollars after tax, 94 million dollars of externalities, cost to business.

The second paradox is that monetary expansion may be largely ineffective in the country that undertakes it, but can generate large negative externalities on others.

Therefore, comparative institutional analysis arising from such assignments is required to make recommendations about efficient internalization of externalities and institutional design, including Law and Economics.

Beyond having a healthy business environment and a local physical and social infrastructure that facilitates the generation of common externalities and support structure, focused measures such as the creation of research and training centres, quality certification institutes and export promotion boards may also stimulate interactive learning, knowledge flows and innovation.

And it could make sense to produce a better GDP, which adds uncounted benefits, subtracts the costs of externalities, and excludes activities that generate no wealth.

Reform of the eurozone s governance must use democratic mechanisms and the logic of the internal market to prevent some EU states from imposing externalities on others.

Externalities, issues of common access and the public goods nature of certain important forest benefits mean that forests do not generate revenues that reflect their full value.

The purpose of such policies is to address well known limitations in markets for example, the important learning externalities, as skills relevant to one industry benefit nearby industries.

In such chicken and egg situations, in which the market alone fails to overcome externalities and essential investments go lacking, the government can play a vital facilitating role.

Externalities are pervasive the failure of one bank imposed costs on others, and failures in the financial system imposed costs on taxpayers and workers all over the world.

The democratic argument requires a clear connection between the Union s financial resources and the wealth that it generates, or with member states economic activities that have important externalities for other members.

Many externalities could influence the outcome of the negotiations, such as delays in reforming the IMF, technology developments, safety and security issues, macro policy settings and economic cycles in developed countries.

Any new VAT resource should be linked to cross border transactions, establishing a clear link with the internal market. Other revenue sources could be linked to national activities with substantial cross border externalities.

And these policies (or policy shifts) are increasingly affecting other economies and the global system, giving rise to what might be called policy externalities that is, consequences that extend outside policymakers target environment.

And I also think that thinking about processed foods in a new way, where we actually price the negative externalities like petrochemicals and like fertilizer runoff into the price of a bag of chips.

This requires, inter alia, including the costs of externalities such as environmental degradation in energy pricing and using subsidies to bring down the initial costs of new technologies in order to make them more competitive.

But, putting such successes aside, the point of industrial policy is not to pick winners at all. Rather, successful industrial policies identify sources of positive externalities sectors where learning might generate benefits elsewhere in the economy.

However, private considerations do not always adequately capture the broader externalities generated by infrastructure.13 Where that is the case, the public sector has an essential role to play in the financing and provision of these public goods.

The third proposed claim unit, in the amount of USD 4,606,514, was for other costs , including administrative expenses, expenses incurred in the relocation and evacuation of refugees to medical centres and hospitals, and what Iran describes as negative externalities .

There is a need to revisit current assumptions in the research community and to enable centres of excellence to expand research in the drylands into desertification externalities such as persistent poverty, starvation, migration, conflicts and other threats to security.

Social conditions and social policies

The MIT School, by contrast, argues that real world economies are afflicted by pervasive market failures, including imperfect competition and monopoly, externalities associated with problems like pollution, and an inability to supply public goods such as street lighting or national defense.

Removing protectionist policies on agriculture is one step that may need to be taken for a country to maximize positive externalities, minimize negative ones and make sure that the mixture of outputs derived from agriculture corresponds to the needs of society.

Though such taxes are spectacularly unpopular perhaps because individuals refuse to admit that the externalities they themselves create are significant I regard them as an important direction for future policy (and I intend to suggest other ideas along these lines in future columns).

Will the world of cognitive surplus make it easier for us to be environmentally responsible, guided also by the inclusion of externalities in the prices of physical goods, so that we end up consuming fewer physical things and spend more on virtual value?

In social science, a social relation or social interaction is any relationship between two or more individuals.