Artificially low exchange rates, restrictions on capital flows, and excessively large currency reserves all create global imbalances.

Developing country central banks keep interest rates artificially low to ensure sufficient low cost financing for the public sector, while avoiding large fiscal deficits and high inflation.

After all, managing for the short run encouraged mortgage lenders to offer artificially low teaser interest rates to lure potential homeowners.

The polarization of borrowing costs has politically explosive distributional effects Germany is borrowing and refinancing its existing debt at artificially low interest rates.

Many American congressmen, for example, complain that American jobs are being destroyed by China s intervention in currency markets to maintain an artificially low value for the yuan.

But if those reserves mainly take the form of dollars, then their rising demand allows the United States to finance its external deficit at an artificially low cost.

Like most economists, he believes that if policymakers try to keep interest rates at artificially low levels for too long, eventually demand will soar and inflation will jump.

China will come under pressure to revalue its currency (now being held at artificially low levels) so that Chinese exports are more expensive and imports from others (including the US) cheaper.

Keeping domestic prices for food and energy artificially low has proved to be not only ruinously expensive, but also very ineffective in achieving the declared goal of helping to alleviate poverty.

Floating exchange rates were supposed to prevent countries from manipulating their currencies, but, by accumulating large quantities of US treasury bills, East Asian countries, especially China, kept their exchange rates artificially low.

The policy is rooted in central planning, which, three decades ago, led to artificially low prices and, in turn, to shortages of basic necessities and key production inputs, such as grain and steel.

These this artificially induced consumerism I think it's atrocious.

For China, this means respecting and enforcing intellectual property rights, allowing non Chinese firms to compete on an equal basis, and setting its currency at a fair level rather than one that is artificially low.

It includes developing the services sector, funding the social safety net, liberalizing an antiquated residential permit system (hukou), reforming state owned enterprises, and ending financial repression on households by lifting artificially low interest rates on savings.

In some instances a graft can be an artificially manufactured device.

The Nazarbayev administration has tried to balance relations with Russia and the United States by sending petroleum and natural gas to its northern neighbor at artificially low prices while assisting the U.S. in the War on Terror.

It also affects negatively the exchange rate by making it appreciate artificially.

To be sure, China overcame a similar challenge in its public sector from 1998 to 2001. It pursued growth boosting investment in infrastructure and real estate development to eliminate deflation, while maintaining artificially low interest rates to contain the rise of public debt.

Be also claimed that Microsoft acted to artificially depress Be Inc.'s initial public offering (IPO).

It was also observed that, where the rules would award the contract to the second best bidder, there had been instances observed in practice of a bidder placing an artificially low but winning bid, in the knowledge that the second best bidder would receive the contract.

Isaiah Berlin put it this way Law sets frontiers, not artificially drawn, within which men shall be inviolable.

Quite a few years later, this element 61 was created artificially in nuclear reactors and was named promethium.

It artificially props up consumption growth and allows the government to defer hard choices between taxes and military expenditures.

By keeping its currency undervalued and flooding world markets with artificially cheap goods, China pursues a predatory trade policy.

Lulled into complacency and excess by ample supplies of artificially cheap financing, Irish banks went on a lending binge.

This work has to go on in an open and transparent manner, without artificially imposed deadlines for decision making.

Europe, too, will get a bloody nose if it keeps trying to artificially prop up asset prices in the periphery.

Genetic engineering rests on the manipulation of DNA molecules (whether real or artificially constructed) in order to reprogram foreign cells.

First, they were trapped in a vicious circle of low income, low savings and low investment, leading to low productivity and low growth.

In order to rescue the banking system, the Federal Reserve, for example, put interest rates at artificially low levels as was disclosed recently, it also has provided secret loans of 1.2 trillion to banks. The main effect so far has been to help bankers generate bonuses (rather than attract borrowers) by hiding exposures.

Artificially creating a new European polity split between left and right would create new struggles and intensify old ones about redistribution.

Morocco, however, had rejected the Baker Plan and characterized the conflict in Western Sahara as artificially created by the Frente POLISARIO.

To now artificially raise the bar as some have sought to do, including very recently is quite clearly arbitrary and self serving.

But if telomeres are artificially lengthened in mice that are also engineered to be resistant to cancer, the mice live longer than normal.

Now it is essentially sustained by a Ponzi scheme, with the Fed s policy of quantitative easing keeping the price of Treasuries artificially high.

While the carbon had been sequestered naturally, some point to the event as evidence for the potentially catastrophic effects of sequestering carbon artificially.

Maintaining these countries excessive prices and nominal incomes with artificially cheap credit guaranteed by other countries would only make the loss of competitiveness permanent.

Professor Bill Ditto, at the Georgia Institute of Technology, is the primary researcher driving the creation of these artificially constructed, but still organic brains.

Therefore, prices could be low but not abnormally low.

The poor are caught in a complex poverty trap in which low income leads to low consumption, which in turn results in low capacity and low productivity.

According to counsel, the information available indicates that he is held in a 2 m2 cell, which is artificially cooled, dark, and without a mattress.

We reject the acts of subversion aimed at financing and artificially building an internal counter revolution in thrall to the interests of the power attacking us.

Low inflation resulted from a combination of cheap supply and low demand.

(d) Screen current portfolios and phase out low volume, low margin activities.

Their poverty causes low farm productivity, and low farm productivity reinforces their poverty.