Where realistic debt restructuring scenarios indicate capital shortfalls, across the board conversion of bank debt into equity will be necessary.

But re imposing capital controls is simply not a fruitful option.

This is why capital account regulations are allowed under IMF rules, and why the attempt to introduce capital account convertibility into the IMF s Articles of Agreement was defeated in 1997.

As this capital cascades through the global financial system, it will re inflate the economy.

UNCTAD should continue its work in the area of debt, including the study of the application of debt for equity swaps for development.

Initial capital

African countries must restructure their domestic financial sectors and develop capital markets and non bank financial institutions.

Instead of banking the political capital that his high approval ratings had given him, he chose to spend some of it on an initiative that his predecessors had rejected, but that will help to transform myriad aspects of Japan s economy.

As above, firm value is enhanced when, and if, the return on capital exceeds the cost of capital.

Such a requirement would impose costs on universal banks by constraining their ability to transfer capital within the group.

The Art of Capital Flight

Damming Capital

The Capital Flow Conundrum

Capital flows and remittances

E. Financial capital and resilience

The portion of capital inflows that is not re exported represents net capital inflows.

The Siren Song of Capital Controls

Investment and private flows

(o) Working Capital Fund

Brazil has been aggressive in terms of capital restrictions, twice increasing its tax on financial inflows.

That means that China is beginning to rejoin the human race as capital accumulation meets scarcer labor and growth slows.

व श व क प ज क र ख फ र ट यर क ओर

Jacqueline Novogratz on patient capitalism

The reason lies in capital movements.

Finally, there is the path of public capital.

Surviving the Great Capital Flood

Raising capital is expensive.

The Temptation of China s Capital Account

List of tables

Before World War II, venture capital investments (originally known as development capital ) were primarily the domain of wealthy individuals and families.

This is why equity capital held by financial institutions typically is more than twice as expensive as debt capital and why these institutions try to minimize its use.

Moreover, Li has called upon the banking sector to reinvigorate idle capital and allocate incremental capital more effectively.

A much better way forward is to rethink seriously the role of cross border capital account regulations.

The approach outlined in the report would set back many countries' progress towards achieving or regaining access to capital markets.

Remaking the Money Market

Europe s Chimerical Capital Markets Union

Bank Regulation s Capital Mistake

Overexpenditure of small capitalization fees

Encouraging private capital flows and remittances

Advances from the Working Capital Fund

Developing countries with such characteristics are able to turn factor endowments from relatively labor or resource abundant to relatively capital abundant in the span of a generation.

For example, demand for investment goods may rebound, especially in certain hard hit sectors, after a recession has caused physical capital to become technologically obsolete.

Political capital means the capital that will improve or enhance the NGOs status, possession or access in the existing political system.

Changing that pattern will require a restructured financial system that allocates savings efficiently, based on fiscal and capital market discipline and corporate governance reform.

Private capital, which accounts for more than 90 of capital flows to developing economies, will remain the dominant source of long term financing.