H. Status of justice reform

The judicial reform instituted the modern criminal trial based on the principle of equality of the parties.

Leadership of the reform process has shifted away from the Bonn mandated Judicial Reform Commission to the Supreme Court, the Office of the Attorney General and the Ministry of Justice (MoJ).

The same provision is made in the National Plan on Policies for Women, and is also dealt with in the Judicial Reform.

In general, the Commission has suffered from a lack of clarity in its mandate and a lack of capacity to lead justice reform.

The United Nations, through UNAMA, UNDP and UNODC, has supported the reform agenda drawn up by the Judicial Reform Commission established by the Bonn Agreement.

The Government has gradually shifted responsibility for reform from the Justice Reform Commission to the justice sector's three permanent national institutions, the Ministry of Justice, the Attorney General's Office and the Supreme Court.

The framework for justice reform, as defined by the Constitution, the Berlin Declaration and the national development budget, provides guidance for strengthening Afghanistan's very weak justice system and calls for investment in the rehabilitation of permanent institutions of justice.

In terms of judicial reform, Italy has started a dialogue with the three main judicial institutions (Ministry of Justice, Office of the Attorney General and the Supreme Court) in order to explain the need for the various aspects of the reform.

Ever since Deng Xiaoping ushered in the reform and opening era in 1978, the Chinese leadership has seen the legal system as an instrument to carry out state policies.

Ensure that disarmament, demobilization and reintegration activities are complemented by parallel efforts that seek to strengthen political dialogue, reinforce judicial reform, promote reconciliation and strengthen the security sector.

With Constitutional Amendment No. 45, which addresses Judicial Reform, the State Public Defender's Offices became functionally and administratively autonomous, no longer dependent on the States.

Three new projects in justice and the rule of law support the master plan of the Afghan Judicial Reform Commission in the reform of the criminal justice system, the penitentiary system and the juvenile justice system.

Following the establishment of the Judicial Reform Commission in 2002, an interim criminal procedure code has been adopted and a number of other relevant laws essential to justice reform have been enacted or drafted.

Also in June, the law graduates training programme of the Judicial Reform Commission produced, for the second year, 130 graduates, with support from UNDP.

Lecture at the first National Congress on the Administration of Justice, entitled Judicial Reform in the Developing Countries , Supreme Court of Chile, October 1993.

Judiciary

Judicial cooperation

Judicial cooperation

Legal system and judiciary Hong Kong's legal system is completely independent from the legal system of mainland China.

Data from Council of Justice.

Judicial cooperation

The reform had included modernization of the penal procedure code, which entrusted to the public prosecutor the role of leading investigations and prosecution, as well as specific responsibilities relevant to the Convention, in the areas of protection of victims and witnesses and the provision of judicial cooperation to foreign States.

(a) The provisions of the new code of penal procedure, which provide for the attendance of lawyers for all kinds of lawsuits, and the judiciary reform project, which aims, in particular, at re establishing a distinction between the offices of the judge and the prosecutor

Support for the judicial system

Judicial system 5

Support for the judiciary

Based on the Judicial Reform, these international norms lose their status as ordinary laws and, after approval by three fifths of the votes in the House of Representatives and the Senate will have the same strength as constitutional amendments, and will be treated as such.

(a) Measures to promote judicial cooperation

Data from Council of Justice.

C. Discrimination in the justice system

(i) Measures to promote judicial cooperation

Integrity of the judicial system

Judicial Development of the Right to Equality

1.2 Legal and political system

1.2.1 Legal system

Judicial vacuum in the zone of confidence

Now a constitutional reform supposedly aimed at promoting Turkey s EU membership would further curb the army s role as the guardian of the secular state and strengthen government control of the judiciary.

The Judicial Reform includes another important change to guarantee human rights by allowing the federalization of crimes against the person in cases of serious violations of human rights, the Attorney General of the Republic will be able to send any process or investigation to the Federal Justice.

(d) To carry out a comprehensive reform of the judicial system

Integrity of the judicial system 121

Strengthening the judiciary is paramount.

Integrity of the judicial system

In the United States, where markets, the judiciary, and regulation are highly developed, the imperative is not institutional reform, but policy reform addressing the weak fiscal position, income and wealth inequities, unemployment, health care, and deteriorating physical infrastructure.

The presence of many women in the magistrature and the police has also contributed significantly, in my view, to reinforcing the system.