When banks borrow on the wholesale money market to finance their investments, they borrow in dollars.

Will it be possible for them to rollover their market funding in these circumstances? Already, the Greeks and the other countries subject to special measures have been shut out of the wholesale markets, and are reliant almost entirely on the European Central Bank.

Another Fed governor, Jeremy Stein, has pointed out that foreign banks have dollar liabilities of roughly 8 trillion, much of it short term wholesale funding.

The absence of regulation in the market can be perverse, and suggests that domestic monopolistic behaviour in the wholesale segment by domestic companies could be replaced by foreign monopolies controlling the market.

Wholesale and retail petrol

Greece and Ireland received funding when they were shut out of the capital market.

What it shows is that banks in the United States have increased their equity from about 5.5 to about 7.5 , and have reduced their reliance on wholesale funding from 30 to 25 .

(d) Importation wholesale and retail businesses (foreign country).

China needs to build its municipal bond market to generate more sustainable funding for infrastructure projects.

Retail trade and wholesale began to operate in the regulatory environment a number of essential laws did not exist, and those that did were not adequate for the new market conditions.

Cheap funding and land revenue have led to excess infrastructure and industrial capacity without adequate market discipline.

But none of these economies had pursued wholesale economic liberalization.

They should not be transported wholesale to other national settings.

Money market funds from the United States are returning, albeit cautiously, to resume funding of European bank debt.

Market access and both public and private external funding are also needed to complement efforts at the domestic level.

Their capital has risen a little, but remains below that of banks in the United Kingdom (and well below that of US banks), and they continue to depend on the wholesale markets for almost 45 of their total funding.

British banks have made less progress with tangible common equity, rising from just under 3 to a little over 4 , but they have significantly reduced their reliance on wholesale funding, from almost 45 in 2008 to less than 35 now.

Indeed, the market signal is clear At present, there is no shortage of funding available in most of the EU.

Wholesale operations include large regional produce, furniture, and industrial and construction machinery depots.

The second type of instrument is emergency funding to deal with unforeseen events, such as natural disasters, market breakdowns, and political instability.

I think of it as seed money for a wholesale reconfiguration of global industry.

The disparities were exposed in the IMF s last Global Financial Stability Report, published in April, which contains a striking analysis that shows the changes in tangible common equity over the last two years, and the degree to which banks are reliant on wholesale funding.

As the country regains market confidence, the official funding can be reduced, and eventually the bonds can be sold back to the markets.

Some wholesale merchants only organize the movement of goods rather than move the goods themselves.

Second, enough funding must be available to meet Italy s and Spain s needs over the next year or so if their market access dries up.

This is hardly the first time I have stressed the need for wholesale debt write downs.

Perhaps a wholesale collapse of the euro exchange rate will be enough, triggering an export boom.

The wholesale price at the importation stage, (d) above, is not known by the Monitoring Group.

Business can encounter significant barriers when striving to invest in foreign distribution (retail or wholesale) markets.

The most significant sources of employment in 2008 were manufacturing industry, wholesale and retail trade and construction.

The manual provided some guidance on the compilation of data for the wholesale, retail and service trades.

But all of these limitations fell by the wayside during the wholesale deregulation of the past 15 years.

CAMBRIDGE In principle, holding gold is a form of insurance against war, financial Armageddon, and wholesale currency debasement.

Only in the wholesale segment would a high displacement risk be expected with the entry of foreign providers.

There were similar fears recently when it became known that US based money market funds had lent heavily to European banks. And some leading US banks also rely on money market funding here, too, the shadows and the banks have aligned interests.

They have to do the best with what they have instead of wishing they could transform their society wholesale.

Funding modalities voluntary funding, assessed contributions and negotiated replenishments

Funding

Many basic industries and foreign trade, as well as domestic wholesale trade, had been nationalized before the communists took power.

Pakistan, where distribution (both wholesale and retail) is the single largest complement of the services sector, is an interesting example.

An investigation by the Taiwan Province of China competition agency determined that the wholesale costs for these products had not increased.

Extrabudgetary funding

Programme funding

Funding targets

For the first time, prominent Arab voices acquit Israel of the wholesale blame that some Western critics still lazily throw at it.