A better balance between production and consumption would avoid large swings in oil prices.

But the large swings in Polish politics are not merely the result of political shenanigans.

In particular, the issuance and subsequent repayment of external debt can account for large swings in such liabilities.

But maintaining stability involves not only keeping inflation low, but also, and crucially, avoiding large swings in economic activity, external imbalances, and financial crises.

There are also ideas to address speculative swings.

Of course, persistent swings from parity do not last forever.

As a stand alone entity, it was then vulnerable to market swings.

But things might have to get worse before the political mood swings.

One cannot think of any natural science in which orthodoxy swings between two poles.

But currency swings, if too wide and protracted, can hurt competitiveness and require costly resource allocation.

In moments of extreme fear, the pendulum of attitudes swings toward the security end of that spectrum.

The eurozone is now running even larger ones, with swings in southern Europe augmenting Germany s longstanding surpluses.

But the weaker economies get the inflation credibility of the ECB and protection from severe exchange rate swings.

The lesson of this crisis is that excessive swings need to be dampened with a set of prudential measures.

TOKYO In the last week or so, stock markets around the world have been hit by an upsurge in volatility, with large price swings confronting traders in New York, Tokyo, London, and beyond. And the entire global financial spasm has been largely blamed on a single culprit China.

But the reverse is also true as soon as the current account swings to surplus, the pressure from financial markets abates.

In hindsight, these exchange rate swings mirrored the initial collapse and subsequent rebound in global trade, helping to mitigate the recession.

Finally, currency chaos is the safest bet of all, with sharp and unpredictable swings in floating exchange rates around the world.

Many governments increase spending excessively in booms, and then are forced to cut back in downturns, thereby exacerbating the cyclical swings.

Instead, our limit the swings strategy implies that, as the exchange rate moves further away from parity, central banks should intervene.

But the reverse is also true as soon as the current account swings to surplus, the pressure from financial markets abates.

No, said the followers of John Maynard Keynes, it must offset swings in business animal spirits in order to stabilize aggregate demand.

To be sure, the Japanese and German external balances were subject to heavy swings in the course of the turbulent 1970 s.

But the limit the swings policy may amplify intervention s effects by diminishing market participants desire to push the exchange rate away from PPP.

Some of the most commonly shared symptoms include fatigue, skin problems or acne, mood swings, weight problems, diminished sex drive, and no memory.

Thus, even modest portfolio shifts can still lead to big price swings, perhaps even more so when traders are off on their August vacations.

That was a bit crude, at the time. And I made all these little apartments and little merry go rounds, seesaws and swings, little ladders.

True, given complex risk factors and idiosyncratic policy preferences, it has been particularly challenging of late to divine the logic underlying big exchange rate swings.

Such bipolar behavior seems to apply to assessments of India s economy as well, with foreign analysts joining Indians in swings between over exuberance and self flagellation.

The German authorities feared that the country s export oriented economy would suffer from the wide exchange rate swings that are the norm for global reserve currencies.

To implement this limit the swings proposal, a central bank would announce its estimate of parity values every month, together with a comprehensive explanation of its estimates.

(This behavior is, of course, not unlike that of many other financial assets, such as exchange rates or stock prices, though gold s price swings may be more extreme.)

Our proposal to reduce but not eliminate swings from parity recognizes that price fluctuations may be crucial for markets to ascertain the price of assets with an uncertain payoff.

The connection between financial risk and asset price swings emerges from the use of a new approach Imperfect Knowledge Economics (IKE) to understanding risk and fluctuations in asset markets.

The door swings open, and the voice says, Come in, for there is no room in this house for two I's, two capital I's, not these eyes for two egos.

But it also recognizes that price swings can become excessive, in the sense that participants may bid asset prices far from levels that are consistent with their long term values.

What, in concrete terms, would such an approach mean? First, when reforming their own domestic regulatory frameworks, they should avoid dramatic swings away from allegedly rational markets to allegedly rational governments.

Those that did appear generally seem to be based on the assumption that minor fluctuations in construction costs, not massive market swings, drove the modest home price movements that they noted.

This implies that intervention is not only unnecessary it is ineffective Faced with wide swings and trading volumes of 2 trillion per day, central banks are helpless to counteract traders irrational zeal.

Asset price swings arise not because market participants are irrational, but because they are attempting to cope with their ever imperfect knowledge of the future stream of profits from alternative investment projects.

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The clinical implications of the failure to recognize bipolar disorder in depressed patients include the under prescription of mood stabilizing medications, and an increased risk of rapid cycling swings between manic and depressive phases.

Unfortunately, contemporary economic theory, with its presumption of perfect price discovery in asset markets, has discouraged economists and policymakers from paying any attention to the role of asset price swings in managing systemic risk.

This is a large advantage when dealing with large amounts of data.

Farms are generally the only places where large enough areas are available to construct large wind generators and large solar power voltaic cells and cultivate large areas of suitable biomass for energy.