The protection will be covered by means of the establishment of a collective fund separated from the existing social security fund.

Social insurance

Source Social Insurance Board, www.ensib.ee

Benefiting from social security programmes.

The National Insurance Institute (NII) is the governmental body responsible for the administration of the social insurance programs.

Source FBH Health Insurance Bureau, RS Health Insurance Fund.

Social security may refer to social insurance, where people receive benefits or services in recognition of contributions to an insurance program.

The obligatory health insurance funds are collected by the health insurance offices in cantons and Federation and Republika Srpska health insurance funds.

Insurance companies, insurance brokers, and institutions involved with private pension plans or social security

Social Insurance mitigates risks associated with unemployment, ill health, disability, work related injury and old age, such as health insurance or unemployment insurance.

Therefore, compulsory contributions to a social insurance scheme must not necessarily result in the payment of insurance benefits.

Records related to the exercising of all the rights of health care insurance are kept by the Fund for health care insurance.

The system of social security is still developing in Pakistan.

Social Security Benefits VNPF

By 2002, about 4.4m people had bought social insurance, of which 3.8 m were from the State sector and accounted for 86.4 of the total buyers.

Female workers who have paid social insurance for 15 years receive pension equal to 45 of the average monthly salary, which is the basis for payment of social insurance, as applied for male workers.

Training courses were started in 2004 with the support of the Estonian Health Insurance Fund.

Although such programs have been substantial in Europe and the US, the working poor remain as marginalized as ever.

Now relevant agencies are helping the Government to finalize the policy on social insurance for voluntary retirement, so that workers from all economic sectors, including farmers and freelance workers can have pension.

Mexico has chosen a targeted insurance scheme for households that are not covered by social security scheme and are too poor to afford private insurance.

Female workers aged 55, having paid social insurance for 25 years and male workers aged 60, having paid social insurance for 30 years, are entitled to equal maximum monthly pension in accordance with the Government's regulations.

The Social Security Act of 1990 is currently being amended to support the pattern, conditions, criteria and process of implementation of the above procedure. It is expected that, if this procedure is approved by the Cabinet, the current social security system may be extended to cover the informal sector by 2006.

And for each year of paid social insurance, they will receive one half of the average monthly salary up to five months.

Concerning social insurance, the Charter on Social Insurance has been revised in 2003 to include more provisions beneficial to female workers as mentioned above.

In Republika Srpska health insurance is centralized (uniform fund for health insurance, with branches in municipalities).

Government Decree 01 2003 ND CP on January 9, 2003 amending the Charter on Social Insurance.

As stated in the previous report, the voluntary social insurance has been applied on pilot basis in a number of localities.

As stated under Article 11 also, the system of social security is not very well developed in Pakistan.

In Republika Srpska, health insurance is centralized (single health insurance fund with its municipality based offices).

Convener of Ch. Mauladad Chowhan Cultural, Educational and Social Welfare Trust for Pothohar area.

In the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, provision and collection of resources is done from health insurance contributions and from the Federation budget, in addition to its Solidarity Fund.

At present, the number of female workers buying social insurance is very high (50.5 ), 52.2 of which belongs to the public service sector.

In the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, health care is organized through the health insurance fund, the primary, secondary and tertiary health care services.

Insuring Against Insurance

According to the current regulations, those obliged to buy social insurance include employees of enterprises of different economic sectors including private and non state ones.

These benefits include housing allowance, transport allowance medical allowance and social security benefits.

There is an attempt to extend the protection under the Social Insurance Act to also cover home workers and other workers in the informal sector.

Compensation for industrial injuries and ill health are covered by the Worker Compensation Act applying to those workers that fall outside the scope of the Provincial Employees Social Security Ordinance, 1965.

To exercise rights and identified requirements and interest to pension and disability insurance, the pension disability insurance fund was established.

Activities include insurance and annuities, life insurance, retirement insurance, health insurance, and property casualty insurance.

According to 2001 data from the National Institute of Statistics and Censuses, the social security coverage of the employed EAP is about 16.7 per cent. This is equivalent to a national social security coverage level of less than 10 per cent.

America s Social Security system insulates individuals against the vagaries of the market and inflation, providing a form of insurance that the private market does not offer.

The IMF authors are not saying that governments should do this with recession insurance, so perhaps they mean that governments would auction off the policies, which would create a market price.

In addition to the State Pension Insurance Act, the Funded Pensions Act has been in force since 2004, with the purpose of creating the opportunity for persons who have made contributions to a funded pension to receive additional income besides the state pension insurance after reaching retirement age.

Job tenure may also serve as a form of social security, because the government performs miserably on providing a safety net and private insurance markets do not exist.