Parts of the PLT were applied to U.S. patent law with the passage of the Patent Law Treaties Implementation Act of 2012.

This is what a strong system of patent protection does.

History First patents date from the early 1900s.

Even the US Supreme Court has now said that the US Patent Office went too far in granting patents on genes.

U.S. patent law has changed in some important ways in the last year.

Patents don't apply to outer space.

No country has more successful companies, or grants more patents to inventors and entrepreneurs.

Old patentees and monopolizers in the trade of books

One of the major problems with patent law is that, in the case that when you are sued by a patent troll, the burden of proof that you did not infringe on the patent is actually on the defendant, which means you have to prove that you do not infringe on the patent they're suing you on.

The patent system was notoriously expensive and inaccessible.

But patents are ineffective in some industries, like finance.

Finally patents. So what's protectable are non obvious inventions.

And as a result, patent trolls can kind of live in the space in between.

One of the major problems with patent law is that, in the case that when you are sued by a patent troll, the burden of proof that you did not infringe on the patent is actually on the defendant, which means you have to prove that you do not infringe on the patent they're suing you on.

Researchers do not get patents, but they get citations, recognition, and promotions.

That is why all countries have a patent system.

The problem with these patents is that the mechanisms are obscure and the patent system is dysfunctional, and as a result, most of these lawsuits end in settlements.

The patent system may even have adverse effects on innovation, because, while the most important input into any research is prior ideas, the patent system encourages secrecy.

In the US, the first profitable textile mills blatantly violated British patents.

As a nation, only ten other countries hold more patents than Sweden.

The patents were subsequently purchased by Jaeger LeCoultre in France 1936 and in Switzerland in 1937.

Or pets? Critical to defending your position or is it customerless? Or should people?

And in discovery phase, we asked the patent troll to please provide screenshots of Fark where the infringement of their patent was actually occurring.

Now this is a tactic that patent trolls are supposed to use on people to get their way.

Behold, patent infringement via mobile device defined as a computer which is not stationary.

In fact, if you look at the number of patents filed over history,

I'll rip your style and add it to my long list of patents while you were busy digging ditches and burning bridges

So unfortunately I'm not smart enough to have a solution for the patent troll problem.

And in discovery phase, we asked the patent troll to please provide screenshots of Fark where the infringement of their patent was actually occurring.

Support for basic research, and patents to protect successful innovation, may help.

Latimer worked as an engineer, a draftsman and an expert witness in patent litigation on electric lights.

So if you own patents, a lot of people in the world can't make your thing.

Now this is the point in the Talk where I'm supposed to come up with some kind of a solution for the patent system.

He was upset by the low quality and high cost of existing patent reproductions, and so he started to develop a system of dry photocopying, which he patented in the late 1930s and which became the first dry photocopier that was commercially practical in 1960.

Another relevant instrument is the Patent Law Treaty,170 which aims at harmonizing and streamlining formal procedures in respect of national and regional patent applications and patents and thus to make such procedures more user friendly.

And the problem with that is that there are two very large industry groups that have different outcomes in mind for the patent system.

The fundamental problem with the patent system is simple it is based on restricting the use of knowledge.

China is fourth and rising in terms of international patent applications. At the same time, China is targeting a research and development share of GDP of 2.2 by 2015 double the ratio in 2002.

With the success of his patents, von Hagens went on to form the Institute for Plastination in Heidelberg, Germany in 1993.

Patent owners have the right to assign, or transfer by succession, the patent and to conclude licensing contracts.

Now the reason this works is because patent trolls are paid a percentage of what they're able to recover in settlements.

I brought along the patents, the specifications for some of these works, because I've had my working methods patented at the Eidgenössische Amt für Geistiges Eigentum in Bern, Switzerland.

About a dozen were design patents, which protect an ornamental design for up to a 14 year period.

In April 2009, the Russian Patent Office granted Kazan the right to brand itself as the Third Capital of Russia.

In 1908, the United Kingdom issued further Letters Patent which established constitutional arrangements for its possessions in the South Atlantic.