The process of opening the retail sector in China began in 1992 when foreign investment was allowed in retailing on a trial basis.

And at the same time, certainly in Rwanda, it destroyed the local retailing industry.

The retail sector is characterized by economies of scale and scope as well as vertical integration and the existence of large retail chains.

The informal retailing sector will have a role to play once markets are opened and formal retailing expands. FDI facilitates the switch from informal to formal retailing.

Other experts stressed that modern retailers usually integrated backwards and could then help improve manufacturing processes and packaging.

OECD countries still use diverging approaches to regulate the retailing sector, with countries such as Belgium and Spain imposing a large number of regulatory restrictions, and countries such as France, Japan, the United Kingdom and Turkey having relaxed a number of them.

Holmes, whose family had a history in retail.

The internationalization of the retail industry has been led by European firms.

Commission agents' services, wholesale trade services, retailing services, and franchising

In spite of recent developments, retailing continues to be one of the least developed industries in India, and the growth of organized retailing has been much slower than in the rest of the world.

The increasing concentration has generated strong competition among retail establishments, which has translated into lower retailing margins and benefits to consumers.

Business can encounter significant barriers when striving to invest in foreign distribution (retail or wholesale) markets.

A grocery.

However, with a growth rate significantly higher than for total retail trade, the share of e commerce in total retail trade is also growing.

In total, stock of Asian investment in the retail trade in the United States in 2002 stood at US 3 billion in retail trade.

Notably, retail services would in part cover wholesale and commission agents' services under CPC 6111 and 6113.

Distribution services are dominated by wholesale and retail services.

Producers are also engaging in direct sales to consumers through on line retailing, bypassing retailers.

Intermediaries trade on behalf of others, and while some intermediaries handle the goods themselves, as in the case of commission agents, others, brokers for example, sell products without even seeing them.

The importance of cross border trade has been recognized for some time, but with growing e commerce and the related development of more reliable and versatile technology, as well as declining fixed and operating costs, among other factors, it is expected to gain further in prominence.

There are about 115,000 people who are retailing telephone services in their neighborhoods.

Since the Indian retail sector is still in its infancy, the opening to FDI needs to be gradual in order to give the domestic industry enough time to adjust.

Opponents point to how big retailers decimated the traditional retail segment in the West.

The top 100 retailers (see table 3) account for 25 per cent of worldwide retailing sales.

Online sales are less common in retail trade (B2C) or in services' industries, with sales accounting for only 1.7 and 1 per cent of total sales, respectively.

In the retail sector, which employs a huge number of Japan s unskilled workers the so called mom and pop shops Japanese productivity is now 25 lower than in Western Europe.

While the first operates fixed point of sale locations, non store retailers or retailers away from a fixed location reach customers and market merchandise with methods such as broadcasting infomercials , paper and electronic catalogues, door to door solicitation and selling from portable stalls.

Factors promoting trade liberalization The globalization of retailing has been spurred by both push and pull factors (see table 5).

Mergers and acquisitions have played an important role in the growing concentration of the retailing industry.

Rules on priority of access and transparent and non discriminatory access tariffs are essential in this context.

In the majority of developing countries, competition policy frameworks tend to be weak, and opening up the retail sector can lead to concentration of providers in profitable segments of the country.

That's the village shop.

It was agreed that the scope of distributive trade statistics should include wholesale trade, retail trade and repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles.

Foreign sales represent a significant share in total sales of the main European retailers.

Or it can be in today's retail, in the shopping environment

This was a little grocery store, a Food Lion grocery store, that is now a public library.

Retailers have integrated backwards into wholesale operations, and producers have integrated forward, performing wholesale functions by distributing their products directly to retailers.

The retailing sector has been witnessing increasing competition and concentration, mainly through the establishment and expansion of chain stores emphasis on large stores the increasing use of technology and growing internationalization of the whole supply chain.

The dominant market position of large retailers has been strengthened through cross border buying alliances among nominally independent retailers.

Further development of the regulatory framework remains important for the growth and efficient functioning of retail trade in the area of e commerce.

Store retail services can be classified according to size, business format, and product mix or specialization.

In the case of Colombia, for example in 1995 small retail establishments accounted for approximately 47 per cent of total retail sales, down from more than 75 per cent in 1985.

Finally, e tail could shape China s urban development and transform leisure activities.

The sector is dominated in terms of turnover by food retailing and consumer care products.

Retailing analyst Victor Lebow articulated the solution that has become the norm for the whole system. He said