The pituitary gland is called the master gland because from the pituitary gland we make hormones that work on yet other organs.

Hypothalamus in the midbrain, pituitary gland nestled close by, thyroid, here, pancreas, here, adrenals, here, ovaries, here.

N

And after it leaves the pituitary, it goes into the circulation, and it acts on the thyroid where there are high receptors for TSH on the surface of the thyroid cells, and it stimulates the thyroid gland to make thyroid hormone, typically thyroxine (T4), or triiodothyronine (T3).

But the ultimate regulation is from that pituitary gland.

So, I'll give you an example, one of the hormones made by the pituitary is called the thyroid stimulating hormone, or the TSH.

N Also out of the pituitary we make luteinizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone.

And those three hormones are the main hormones made by the adrenal cortex.

S Pituitary really does do a whole lot X.X

You also have adrenal androgens, which are somewhat important.

It gives rise to the anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis), a part of the endocrine system.

The other hormones, some of the major ones, the pituitary, in addition to making TSH, it makes a hormone called ACTH, adrenocorticotrophic hormone, which acts on the adrenal cortex, and the adrenal is the gland that sits right on top of the kidney, and the outer layers of the adrenal gland are the adrenal cortex, and those are stimulated by ACTH.

Synthetic TRH is also used by physicians as a test of TSH reserve in the pituitary gland as it should stimulate the release of TSH and prolactin from this gland.

Drugs that block the effects of dopamine at the pituitary or deplete dopamine stores in the brain may cause the pituitary to secrete prolactin.

An example of a neuroendocrine cell is a cell of the adrenal medulla (innermost part of the adrenal gland), which releases adrenaline to the blood.

N That's right. And we'll talk later about feedback loops, because how does the pituitary know when to stop making TSH?

This triggers the pituitary gland, a pea sized gland found at the base of the brain, to release adrenocorticotropic hormone which then stimulates the adrenal gland sitting on top of the kidneys to release cortisol, the major stress hormone.

The ACTH primarily regulates the cortisol and the adrenal androgens, and there's another system that regulates the mineralocorticoids, that we'll talk about later.

Alcohol also limits the production of vasopressin (ADH) from the hypothalamus and the secretion of this hormone from the posterior pituitary gland.

What you got, the mumps?

N Insulin is key, but it doesn't come from the pituitary.

In 1985, biosynthetic human growth hormone replaced pituitary derived human growth hormone for therapeutic use in the U.S. and elsewhere.

Causes There are several causes of hyperthyroidism.

The gonad is the organ that makes gametes.

The normal example, let's take the human mammary gland.

The principle disease here is goitre.

TSH it makes, if the levels are too low, it will stimulate production of TSH to make the thyroid gland make more thyroid hormone.

Thyroid hormone is critical to normal function of cells.

These signs disappear with treatment of the hyperthyroidism.

Well, there are two other hormones that are derived from the anterior pituitary, and those are the Growth Hormone (GH) which is critical for optimal growth (e.g., of long bones)

Lack of dietary iodine causes growth stimulation in the thyroid, and some studies suggest that iodine deficiency increases the risk of radiation induced thyroid cancer.

When there is too much thyroid hormone, the TSH will be low.

Those are the two main circulating thyroid hormones.

So, it's critical to maintain just the right amount of all of these hormones, and thyroid hormones is a good example.

So now we're gonna work our way down a bit, we talked about the thyroid gland making the thyroid hormones, and when you get to the pancreas, which is that yellow structure right in the middle, inside of the pancreas there are small islands called the islets of Langerhans, and the islets within the pancreas make endocrine hormones, like insulin and glucagon,

Some species can spin silk from glands in their mouth.

The exact mechanisms are, however, not convincingly clarified, although removal of the thymus gland (thymectomy) in MG patients without a thymus neoplasm often have positive results.

The most alarming aspect of this is the increase in the incidence of cancer of the thyroid gland.

We're going to plunge into the body now, and we've landed in the thyroid gland.

It makes you look like a giraffe with a goiter.

Thyroid hormone functions as a controller of the pace of all of the processes in the body.

If there is too much thyroid hormone, every function of the body tends to speed up.

Two additional sites, namely thyroid and skin, have significant excess incident cancers.

20. Of the radionuclides emitting low LET radiation that may enter the body, iodine 131 is the most important, since it is used to diagnose thyroid conditions and to treat hyperthyroidism and thyroid carcinoma.

The article described a successful treatment of a patient with thyroid cancer metastases using radioiodine (I 131).