Additional expenditures deriving from inflation and currency fluctuations

Gold is also a poor hedge against currency fluctuations.

a Including estimated provision for inflation and currency fluctuations.

With all these contradictory forces at work we can expect wild currency fluctuations.

Having neither the cost and inconvenience of constant currency transactions nor the uncertainty that arises from fluctuations among currencies is a boon to the common currency area.

2. Notes that the effects on the budget of inflation and currency fluctuations can be both positive and negative

Currency fluctuations and inflation need to be taken into account in order to arrive at a real growth figure.

All organizations whose expenditures, like those of the secretariat, are predominantly incurred in local currency experience problems arising from exchange rate fluctuations.

Emerging markets need foreign currency and, therefore, external support.

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Exchange rate fluctuations are due in part to the increasing influx of counterfeit currency, the printing of which is reported to be continuing.

In accordance with established practice, the grant, considered a temporary measure, has not been recosted to reflect the impact of inflation and currency fluctuations.

It has paid off its foreign debt and built up foreign currency reserves of 450 billion.

Reserves of foreign currency provide a small return in interest.

b Total public debt denominated in pesos and foreign currency.

Conscious of the volatility of the currency exchange markets and the significant risk that unanticipated exchange rate changes have on operations, management will continue to assess and manage the risks posed by volatile currency fluctuations.

According to SAFE, individuals and institutions exchanged 152.2 billion in foreign currency for renminbi through Chinese banks in March, and purchased 107.6 billion in foreign currency from financial institutions.

To spend an additional amount between Executive Board sessions, when necessary, up to the amount caused by currency fluctuations, to implement the 2005 approved work plan.

In 2002, China reinitiated liberalization efforts, lifting restrictions on Chinese enterprises ability to open foreign currency bank accounts, and allowing residents both to open foreign currency accounts and to convert the renminbi equivalent of 50,000 annually into foreign currencies.

Gold and foreign currency reserves are increasing, implying appreciation of the ruble.

The ECB can curb the euro s appreciation through purchases of foreign currency.

While the rich are better able to bear the risks of currency and interest rate fluctuations, it is the poor who bear the brunt of this volatility.

Since the amount of foreign reserves available to defend a weak currency (a currency in low demand) is limited, a currency crisis or devaluation could be the end result.

Increases at Geneva, Addis Ababa and Bangkok are due to a combination of factors, namely higher rental rates, increase in the space being rented out and currency fluctuations.

A higher foreign currency LDR will mean tighter restrictions on long renminbi positions.

The purchase and sale of foreign currency or gold as a financial asset

Other positive aspects notwithstanding, the presence of foreign banks is associated with currency mismatches.

The central bank buys less foreign currency, and thus issues fewer rubles, reducing inflation.

The Chinese government s reluctance to allow faster exchange rate appreciation may reflect its aversion to large, unforeseeable fluctuations, particularly given its determination to make the renminbi an international reserve currency.

7 Note should be made of the currency fluctuations in the course of 2003 that may have played a role in the increase in terms of the United States dollar.

I. The reception, brokerage, and investment of third parties' funds in Brazilian or foreign currency

Accounting for exchange rate fluctuations

The existing methodology did not preclude the possibility of conservation of non recurring expenses or adjustments for inflation and currency fluctuations which might distort the comparator base of the expenditures in question.

But foreign currency speculators and international investors are not looking forward to either of these scenarios.

Indeed, in September alone, China s foreign currency reserves increased by almost 100 billion compared to August.

Developing nations should also push for a Tobin tax a tax on global foreign currency transactions.

By contrast, less developed countries that borrow in foreign currencies may run out of currency reserves.

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Ironically, today s pain stems from one of the great successes that emerging economies have achieved the reduction of foreign currency funding in favor of local currency debt.

1.40 Although UNRWA's expenditure is incurred mainly in US dollars, 63 per cent of the income is received in non US dollar currencies, thus exposing the Agency to the risks of currency fluctuations.

Reserve for exchange rate fluctuations 1,840.8

(n) Reserve for exchange rate fluctuations

If allowing a currency to appreciate freely is costly, the second option is unsterilized foreign exchange intervention.

He built up enormous foreign currency reserves, which cushioned the blow of the 2008 global economic crisis.

To preserve its precious foreign currency reserves, Egypt needs the US and its allies to provide foodstuffs.