Extensive experience in negotiation of bilateral tax treaties.

C. The distinction between bilateral and multilateral treaties

Thus, although following both World Wars multilateral treaties were still viewed as more resilient than bilateral ones, an increased resilience of bilateral treaties was acknowledged.

In addition, it is safe to assume that the present class of treaties include bilateral investment treaties.

Czechoslovakia and Iraq maintained bilateral treaties on air transport and consular relations.

That is certainly true with respect to a number of bilateral treaties.

Such treaties form a very important class of international transactions and form the precursors of the more recent bilateral investment treaties.

The Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties provides the following rules on the interpretation of treaties, both bilateral and multilateral

It would be helpful if LDCs could have further bilateral and multilateral treaties.

There seems in theory no reason why such treaties should not stand on the same footing as bilateral treaties between the belligerents.

In discussing the effect of armed conflict on treaties, commentators have attempted to distinguish between bilateral treaties, as more susceptible to suspension or abrogation, and multilateral treaties, as more resilient.

The recent proliferation of bilateral investment treaties (BITs), double taxation treaties and various types of preferential trade agreements with investment components confirms this trend.

Singapore had also signed bilateral investment treaties and double taxation avoidance agreements with various countries.

A similar question arises when the distinction between bilateral and multilateral treaties is given prominence.

The Vienna Convention provides the following rules on the interpretation of treaties, both bilateral and multilateral

The practice of States relating to the consular provisions in bilateral treaties is not very coherent.

Professors Daillier and Pellet adopt the position that the peace treaties of 1919 and 1947 confirm the principle of abrogation in the case of bilateral treaties.

Thus, the general practice following the Second World War is that suspended multilateral treaties revive automatically after armed conflict, whereas suspended bilateral treaties require express renewal.

The peace treaties concluding the Second World War provide the prime example of this phenomenon Whereas the provisions with regard to pre war bilateral treaties in the Second World War peace treaties were similar to those at the conclusion of the First World War, requiring each revived bilateral treaty to be individually enumerated, the treatment of prewar multilateral treaties was very different.

Evidence of that is the 300 bilateral and multilateral treaties that accept the Court's jurisdiction in resolving disputes arising from the application or interpretation of those treaties.

Fourth, the Netherlands suspended bilateral treaties with Suriname because of domestic hostilities occurring in Suriname in 1982.

Negotiated over 40 bilateral extradition and mutual legal assistance treaties between Canada and foreign jurisdictions throughout the world

Developing country governments have also increased the number of concluded bilateral investment treaties (BITs) and double taxation agreements and, more recently, bilateral and regional free trade and investment agreements.

Finally, whereas it was traditionally understood that armed conflict had a greater effect on bilateral treaties than on multilateral treaties, there is strong evidence that this distinction has diminished.

Modern practice regarding the length of treaty suspension no longer focuses on the distinction between bilateral and multilateral treaties.

In considering the effects of war on treaties it is useful, and probably necessary, to distinguish between those treaties having a large number of states other than the belligerents as parties and bilateral treaties having as signatories only the belligerents.

Antitrust cooperation in criminal cases can take place through bilateral mutual legal assistance treaties (MLATs) applying to criminal matters generally.

However, it declared that that provision would not preclude it from concluding bilateral treaties on extradition with individual States parties.

(a) The irrebuttable presumption, based upon State practice, that bilateral treaties are terminated, subject to express provisions indicating the contrary

In contrast to the conflicts in Korea and Viet Nam where the United States of America maintained no bilateral treaties with the opposing belligerents at the time of its entry into the conflict 13 bilateral treaties existed between the United States of America and Iraq during the 1991 Gulf war.

Noting that the Convention has served as a model for subsequent multilateral and bilateral treaties and other international legislative texts on arbitration,

This began to change with the rapid proliferation of bilateral investment treaties (BITs), which typically granted private investors standing before the ICSID.

The use of the category of human rights protection may be seen as a natural extension of the status accorded to treaties of friendship, commerce and navigation and analogous agreements concerning private rights, including bilateral investment treaties.

In addition, more than 300 bilateral and multilateral treaties grant the Court jurisdiction in the resolution of disputes arising from their application or interpretation.

In the opinion of the Special Rapporteur, the principle is not in fact a general principle, being formulated exclusively in relation to bilateral treaties.

Turkey had signed and ratified all the relevant United Nations treaties on drug control and had entered into bilateral cooperation agreements with 48 countries.

In the area of narcotics control, multilateral treaties remained operative between all countries except Germany, where they were suspended bilateral treaties between belligerents, however, were at least suspended by the war, and it is possible they were terminated .

9. States Parties shall consider concluding bilateral or multilateral treaties, agreements or arrangements to enhance the effectiveness of international cooperation undertaken pursuant to this article.

In the practice of States, however, this neat dichotomy between bilateral and multilateral treaties appears to be diminishing, as evidenced by a comparison of the peace treaties of the Second World War with those following the First World War

28 Bilateral investment treaties which include bonds in the definition of investment can lead to claims against debtors for expropriation in the context of debt restructuring.

More than 300 bilateral and multilateral treaties provide for the Court to have jurisdiction in the resolution of disputes arising out of their application or interpretation.

Provisions on minorities contained in such treaties and other bilateral arrangements should be based on universal and regional instruments relating to equality, non discrimination and minority rights.

Both Germany and Turkey maintained bilateral treaties with Afghanistan in the potentially incompatible area of air transport neither treaty makes provision for the outbreak of armed conflict.

At the bilateral level, Indonesia had established joint cooperative legal frameworks, such as the extradition and mutual legal assistance treaties it had signed with a number of countries.

This group includes international transport agreements environmental treaties extradition treaties border crossing treaties treaties of friendship, commerce and navigation intellectual property treaties and penal transfer treaties.