But climate change mitigation and adaptation are costly.

Adaptation must be a vital part of the negotiations. So must mitigation.

Support by farmers' organizations of individual farmers in adaptation and mitigation initiatives

Possible areas of work on technologies for adaptation should be further discussed Mitigation and adaptation further understanding of the cross cutting nature of mitigation and adaptation technologies and to what extent they can be considered as complementary activities is recommended.

Increased funding opportunities are needed for climate change adaptation as well as mitigation measures.

Costs associated with climate change mitigation and adaptation already represent an added burden for farmers.

Several sources of financing for adaptation and mitigation efforts in developing countries could be made operational relatively quickly.

Agriculture was cited as a typical sector having considerable potential not only for integration of mitigation and adaptation but also for integration of mitigation into economic and rural development.

Mr. Noble noted that funds for mitigation and adaptation to climate change are limited and must be used effectively.

To be sure, the issues are complex and difficult, especially those of financing adaptation and mitigation efforts in poorer countries.

Some participants said synergies between mitigation and adaptation are important, while others said that coordination rather than synergies were important.

However, no matter how significant their efforts, farmers and their organizations cannot bear the responsibility of adaptation and mitigation alone.

First, policy frameworks for addressing climate change impacts and adaptation measures are often incomplete and second, government policy frameworks and regulation objectives are often inconsistent with climate change adaptation and mitigation goals.

He pointed out that conducting a TNA for technologies for adaptation is more complex and challenging than for mitigation technologies and highlighted several key aspects in the identification of technology needs for adaptation.

She said that Uruguay developed a programme of measures for mitigation and adaptation that includes vulnerability analysis, and identified adaptation measures for agriculture, biodiversity, coastal resources, water resources, fishery resources, and human health.

Some Parties also provided a detailed breakdown of research initiatives and results of research studies into climate change impacts, adaptation and mitigation.

Mr. William Kojo Agyemang Bonsu, Ghana, said his expectations focused on identifying technologies that can promote both climate change mitigation and adaptation activities.

Funds are needed to invest in new low carbon energy sources, reforestation and protection of rain forests, land use changes, and adaptation and mitigation.

One of the key answers for farmers with respect to climate change mitigation and adaptation lies in the development of sustainable sources of energy.

To preserve the livelihoods of farmers and support the growing world population, adaptation and mitigation measures are both essential responses in planning for climate change.

Appropriate policies and regulations that are needed to create incentives and remove barriers to climate change adaptation and mitigation have not always been fully implemented.

The amounts needed for development, peacekeeping, and climate adaptation and mitigation will be enormous, and we have been debating for years the appropriate level of aid.

Noting that most countries adopted a sectoral approach for TNAs, he outlined criteria for prioritizing options and the share of adaptation and mitigation options by sector.

Most of the research activities reported as ongoing or planned were linked to vulnerability and adaptation assessments and mitigation activities, such as energy conservation, efficiency and related technologies.

Policy instruments based on carbon pricing are particularly attractive, because they raise revenue for adaptation to climate change in developing countries while creating incentives for mitigation in developed countries.

If significant financial resources are to be generated for mitigation and adaptation, developing countries will want a representative say in how that money is to be allocated and spent.

But if you are like me, and want to minimize the damage to people and all other living things on Earth, then you choose mitigation and, where necessary, adaptation.

The choices, singly or in combination, are 1) nothing (the current response) 2) mitigation (reducing emissions of greenhouse gases) 3) attempted adaptation to the ongoing climate changes and 4) geoengineering.

Most of the TNA studies completed to date addressed the needs for mitigation technologies, and only a few addressed the needs for technologies for adaptation and their integration in the suitable development goals.

And, for the first time ever, countries made large pledges to finance mitigation and adaptation efforts 30 billion over the next three years for fast start financing, and 100 billion per year by 2020.

Development and peer review of training modules on greenhouse gas inventories and mitigation, sustainable development and climate change, and vulnerability and adaptation to climate change, to be prepared by the partner institutes by August 2005.

The report lays out the available options for mobilizing 100 billion annually for climate change mitigation and adaptation in developing countries, and establishes the conditions that would make it possible to achieve this goal by 2020.

Prevention and mitigation

Given the difficulty of coming up with even 10 billion a year let alone the 200 billion a year that is needed for mitigation and adaptation it is wishful thinking to expect an agreement along these lines.

As regards climate change, relying on three centres of excellence based in developing countries, UNITAR has developed, with the Executive Secretariat of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, important programmes on vulnerability, adaptation and mitigation.

Some Parties (e.g. Mongolia) recognized the need for adequate policies and strategies both at the national and the local levels, and the need for adequate legal, regulatory and standardization frameworks to effectively implement adaptation and mitigation policies.

Adaptation Fund

Climate Change 2001 Mitigation.

An African Green Fund for both adaptation and mitigation could put resources and experience to good use in one of the most vulnerable parts of the world and one that is full of opportunity in the new low carbon era.

Almost all Parties that have submitted their initial national communication as of 1 April 2005 provided information on research and systematic observation relating to climate change impacts, vulnerability assessment and adaptation options, and measures for addressing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions (mitigation).

The Adaptation Imperative

Radiation mitigation and standard setting

While the main focus has been on the impact of climate change mitigation on industrialized countries, the urgent adaptation needs of the world s poorest countries, in the face of possible catastrophe, have largely been ignored, at least in terms of concrete measures.

Climate change and a just transition . As global warming and climate change are specifically targeted for review, the Commission, at its present session, must pay attention to the serious impact that both mitigation and adaptation measures will have on workers, workplaces and communities.

The Age of Adaptation