According to the United States Marine Mammal Commission, 136 marine species have been reported in entanglement incidents in the wider United States area, including 6 species of sea turtles, 51 species of seabirds and 32 species of marine mammals (Marine Mammal Commission, 1996).

About 30,000 species of algae are included, of which the Rhodophyta (6000 species), marine Chlorophyta (1500 species), and Phaeophyceae (1755 species) are the most complete.

Pieces of marine litter can also transport invasive species between seas.

(b) Effects of marine debris (the effects of marine debris on human health, safety, tourism and other economic activities, navigation, marine species, the marine environment and fisheries) (see A 60 63, paras. 241 247)

This is of particular concern considering 23 of marine mammal species are currently threatened.

Turning to emerging issues, the practice of farming marine species mariculture is spreading rapidly.

The World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) is a database that aims to provide an authoritative and comprehensive list of names of marine organisms.

Their goal is to have a listing for each of the approximately 240,000 marine species.

The , Macrocheira kaempferi , is a species of marine crab that lives in the waters around Japan.

Sea turtles, seabirds, marine mammals and other threatened marine species are caught, injured and killed by industrial longlines in large numbers and pushed to the edge of extinction.

In the United States, the National Marine Fisheries Service lists them as endangered under the Endangered Species Act.

More than 5,250 feet of coastline were affected and dead marine species were found during clean up efforts.

Bottom trawlers drag heavy nets over the ocean bottom, destroying magnificent, unexplored, and endangered marine species in the process.

In addition to the anchovies, other marine species like the sea lion have also washed up on the shore.

The Permian Period (along with the Paleozoic Era) ended with the largest mass extinction in Earth's history, in which nearly 90 of marine species and 70 of terrestrial species died out.

In 2008, WoRMS stated that it hoped to have an up to date record of all marine species completed by 2010, the year in which the Census of Marine Life was completed.

They underlined that it was necessary to consider the specific needs of rare and vulnerable marine ecosystems and habitats, as well as marine species, such as sea turtles, sharks and sea birds.

Marine litter has become an issue of concern in the Northwest Pacific region because it is linked to other marine environmental, economic, health and aesthetic problems, including possible transfer of toxic substances and invasive species, destruction of marine habitats and loss of biodiversity.

Despite its many rivers, Iraq s fishing industry has remained relatively small and based largely on marine species in the Persian Gulf.

The Tetraodontiformes are represented by 10 families and about 360 species overall most are marine and dwell in and around tropical coral reefs, but a few species are found in freshwater streams and estuaries.

While not yet the subject of international regulation, noise pollution in the marine environment is responsible for changes in behaviour and for injuries that could lead to the deaths of marine mammals and other species.

Methyl mercury bio accumulates up the marine food chain to create high concentrations in predatory species of fish such as shark, swordfish and tuna, as well as marine mammals such as whales, dolphins and porpoises.

It is also an issue that is connected to other marine environmental, economic and health problems, including the possible distribution of toxic substances, the destruction of marine habitats and biodiversity, and the transfer of invasive species.

Prominent among the emerging issues highlighted in 2006 are the farming of marine species, and the impact of climate change on food production.

Create a Pacific wide network of Marine Protected Areas on the high seas that allow sustainable artisanal and recreational fishing and tourism along known migratory, feeding and nesting habitats of threatened and endangered marine species Support sustainable small scale fishing

Marine environment, marine resources, marine biodiversity and the protection of vulnerable marine ecosystems

The Convention on Migratory Species and its associated agreements, and the Marine Mammal Action Plan (MMAP) have developed guidelines on whale watching and aquaria (which deal with marine mammals held in captivity), both of which are important features of tourism in some areas.

As we have seen, a healthy marine ecosystem has more to offer in terms of long term revenue generation than unregulated and unsustainable exploitation of predatory species.

Marine environment, marine resources and the protection of vulnerable marine ecosystems

Marine environment and marine resources

(d) Short , medium and long term ecosystem management mechanisms to address and prevent the decline and extinction of associated species, including fish, billfish, sea turtles, seabirds and marine mammals

Targeting highly migratory predatory fish species including tuna and swordfish, industrial longlines also catch or kill as many as 4.4 million sea turtles, billfish, sharks, marine mammals and seabirds.

Troëng, S. and C. Drews, Money talks Economic aspects of marine turtle use and conservation, WWF International, 2004, pp. 7 and 49, found at http www.panda.org downloads species moneytalks.pdf.

Troëng, S. and C. Drews, Money talks Economic aspects of marine turtle use and conservation, WWF International, 2004, pp. 7 and 49, found at http www.panda.org downloads species moneytalks.pdf.

Sportfishers, divers, and other humans who live and work with billfish, sea turtles, seabirds, marine mammals and other species caught as bycatch are harmed directly, often with direct economic consequences.

The authors conclude that marine reserves can make a significant positive contribution to the biological diversity of both target and non target species in a relatively short period of time.

Marine environment, marine resources and sustainable development

The phenomenon known as the red tide, seen previously on the southern island of Chiloé, has claimed the lives of more than 24 million salmon and hundreds of other marine species.

XI. Marine environment, marine resources and sustainable development

Thirdly, we need to strengthen scientific data collection, research and assessment, especially in deep sea areas, and to provide baselines for harvested resources and for other marine species, habitats and ecological relationships.

Various types of MPAs that range from sustainable use to no take have been proven to effectively preserve endangered marine species and rapidly increase fish biomass by allowing fish to reproduce undisturbed.

Fiji also understands the importance of the interaction between fishing activities and ecosystems, particularly as concerns its long term impact, including the adverse effects of removing numerous species from the marine environment.

Brian photographed a marine sanctuary in New Zealand, where commercial fishing had been banned the result being that the overfished species have been restored, and with them a possible solution for sustainable fisheries.

Since the late 1980s, the expansion of the industrial longline fishery has created a damaging feedback loop both for the marine ecosystem and the societies that rely on pelagic species for their livelihoods.

More than 1,000 species of vascular plants, dozens of species of mammals, 300 species of birds, more than a dozen fish species and a few species of reptiles and amphibians exist.