For example, a German investor would consider United States bonds to have more currency risk than German bonds (since the dollar may go down relative to the euro) similarly, a United States investor would consider German bonds to have more currency risk than United States bonds (since the euro may go down relative to the dollar).

Developed countries that issue bonds in their own currency never default, because they can always print money.

Asian countries are now pursuing the next step of this strategy to issue bonds in regional currency denominations.

But how? Buying other countries bonds would mean abandoning the goal of keeping real currency values low against the dollar.

Investors now recognize that they did not really understand what these bonds represented that is, the institutional construct behind the European currency.

Some of the Asia Pacific and Latin American and Caribbean countries have begun to issue long term, local currency bonds to promote investments.

Investors would be able to buy Guatemala s coffee bonds, Côte d Ivoire s cocoa bonds, Liberia s rubber bonds, Mali s cotton bonds, and Ghana s gold bonds.

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Most telling is that Britain, which retained control of its currency, enjoys the lowest yields in its history, while the risk premium on Spanish bonds is at a new high.

Jamaica, for example, would issue aluminum bonds Nigeria would issue oil bonds Sierra Leone would issue iron ore bonds and Mongolia would issue copper bonds.

And yet risks to financial and fiscal stability could arise if higher inflation and currency depreciation were to spoil investors appetite for Japanese government bonds, thereby pushing up nominal interest rates.

Back then, China bought US Treasury bonds to keep the currency from rising and eroding the competitiveness of Chinese exporters. As a result, it accumulated an astounding 4 trillion of foreign reserves.

If China is serious about elevating the SDR to reserve currency status, it should take steps to create a liquid market in SDR claims. It could issue its own SDR denominated bonds.

Junk public bonds are no safer for them than junk private bonds.

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Staggered alignment of economic and social policies (such as the legal retirement age), new balancing schemes (euro bonds as a transfer instrument), and an effective stability mechanism are all needed to preserve the common currency.

Other factors discussed included dual citizenship and ethnic ties.

Activities and functions with dual employment should be eliminated.

Expensive government bonds will shift demand to mortgage or corporate bonds, pushing up their prices.

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Chinese bonds remain unavailable.

The authorities will issue 35.2 billion in new securities, comprising 15 billion in par bonds, 11.9 billion in discount bonds and 8.3 billion in quasi par bonds.

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In the US, the interest rate on government bonds now rises from 1.80 at five years to 2.86 for 10 year bonds and 3.70 for 30 year bonds.

Tensions in financial markets have hit new highs. Most telling is that Britain, which retained control of its currency, enjoys the lowest yields in its history, while the risk premium on Spanish bonds is at a new high.

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The Battle of the Bonds

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And yet negative bonds yields are also occurring in countries and regions where the currency is depreciating and likely to depreciate further, including Germany, other parts of the eurozone core, and Japan. So, why are investors holding such assets?

The longer the US postpones the day of reckoning, the greater the risk to the dollar s global standing as the world s main reserve currency, and to the attractiveness of US government bonds as the true risk free financial benchmark.

Inflation in the US or Europe would reduce the purchasing value of the dollar bonds or euro bonds.

Japan has resumed foreign exchange intervention, and the US Federal Reserve and the Bank of England are preparing another large scale purchase of government bonds a measure called quantitative easing, which lowers long term interest rates and indirectly weakens the currency.

The US and Japan might be among the last to face the wrath of the bond market vigilantes the dollar is the main global reserve currency, and foreign reserve accumulation mostly US government bills and bonds continues at a rapid pace.

Currency Chaos

The new bonds could be known as Trichet or Merkel Sarkozy or Honohan bonds whatever works to build consensus.

So far, policymakers are talking only about exchanging old Greek bonds for cash (in buybacks) or new Greek bonds.

These fears underpinned the dual enlargement of NATO and the European Union.