There are some international agreements, notably the Basel Accords on minimum capital requirements and there is also good cooperation among market regulators.

The best known tools for this are margin requirements and minimum capital requirements.

The United States is emphasizing higher capital requirements.

Both had resisted capital market liberalization.

These trends imply an increased probability that the market is underestimating risk, so systemic risk regulators should raise minimum capital requirements as soon as they spot them.

Smarter capital requirements better Basel rules aren t the answer.

The rejected proposals are thus good policy money market funds should be made safer via capital requirements and liquidity restrictions because they already receive a de facto government guarantee.

That, in turn, avoids triggering requirements of more bank capital.

Counter cyclical capital requirements fit with this idea, and a range of indicators could be used to calibrate the increase in capital requirements, coupled perhaps with some discretion.

The fundamental problem was premature capital market liberalization.

Financial markets did well through capital market liberalization.

Similarly, banks would have incentives to game capital adequacy requirements by manipulating how capital and assets are defined.

No working capital requirements have been included in this budget submission to leave room for other priority expenditure requirements.

And Pakistan and Indonesia, by basing capital requirements for microfinance institutions on the size of the population that they expect to serve, are enabling these institutions to serve distinct market niches sustainably.

At the source, capital requirements for currency mismatches in portfolios, together with margin requirements on foreign exchange derivatives, make sense.

And equity capital requirements for large, systemically important financial institutions remain too low.

The proposed Basel III regulations set wholly insufficient minimum capital requirements and maintain a failed approach to adjusting the requirements to risk.

WASHINGTON, DC European leaders are convinced that bank capital is expensive, in the sense that raising capital requirements would slow economic growth.

All this financial engineering would avoid the obsolete capital requirements that burden banks operation.

Environmental Requirements and Market Access for Developing Countries , Note by the UNCTAD secretariat.

There have been some increases in capital requirements but far short of what is needed.

There seems to be little appetite for proposals to vary capital adequacy requirements counter cyclically.

Meanwhile, the opacity of capital indicators has made market discipline impossible to impose.

Cuba supported investment that created infrastructure and contributed capital, market and technology elements.

Moreover, the main oil exporters are unwilling to subordinate their investment policies to market requirements.

It would like to see the internal capital market operate as much as possible.

Greece and Ireland received funding when they were shut out of the capital market.

The case for capital market integration, and then for a single currency, was similar.

That connection will create the possibility for joint ventures, mergers and capital market cooperation.

As a result, market oriented interest rate reform is now needed to help optimize capital allocation and support the development of China s financial market, thereby laying the groundwork for future capital account and exchange rate liberalization.

The banks claim that higher capital requirements and other regulations will drive up the cost of credit.

The eurozone provides the only large capital market other than the US for such investments.

The single market principle was supposed to promote the efficient allocation of capital and labor.

(b) Ensure that national exchange rates are consistent with market levels, and that exchange and capital control barriers do not encourage black market activities

This put financial capital in a privileged position governments had to pay more attention to the requirements of international capital than to the aspirations of their own people.

The capital requirements attached to that subsidiary would be more burdensome, with minimum Tier One capital set at 10 , compared to the new Basel 3 standard of 7 .

Banks will have to recognize the losses and, if necessary, find the additional capital to meet reserve requirements.

This is a mistake. The European Commission should have introduced capital requirements on banks holdings of public debt.

Over time, however, the interest rate premium is likely to be small, because higher capital requirements and contingent capital should significantly reduce the likelihood of ever reaching the triggers.

For example, thenet cash flow to total invested capital and WACC are appropriate when valuing a company based on the market value of all invested capital.

A serious discussion of global capital account regulations would benefit both advanced and emerging market economies.

Pushing for greater capital market liberalization after the debacle of the 1990 s will be controversial.

In the Basel III negotiations that concluded last year, the French and Germans strongly favored relatively low capital requirements.

Higher equity capital requirements, for example, require banks to fund themselves with relatively more equity and relatively less debt.

The remaining portion represents support costs and items budgeted centrally, including working capital and area staff salary increase requirements.