It was followed by a cooler period in the North Atlantic termed the Little Ice Age.

The B15 iceberg broke off the Ross Ice Shelf.

The glacier on Puncak Trikora in the Maoke Mountains disappeared completely some time between 1939 and 1962.

tip of the iceberg ?

tip of the iceberg.

They get you on top of some glacier point out the sunset, and suddenly, like an avalanche....

Ice cover waxed and waned.

It's just the tip of the iceberg.

Life thrives on and around an iceberg.

Oh, and that's not even the tip of the iceberg.

This is near the top of the icefall.

That's the retreat of this glacier.

Twenty eight years ago, this is what the polar ice cap the North Polar ice cap looked like at the end of the summer, at the fall equinox.

Once an iceberg breaks away from the glacier or ice shelf, it will usually live for three to six years, floating around, carried by the currents and tidal movements of the ocean.

However, these are just the tip of the iceberg.

The first one was reaching the Pole itself.

This is a view of what's called the calving face.

Okay. We had a team out watching this glacier, and we recorded the biggest calving event that's ever been put on film.

It's off the berg. There's tons of it up forward.

that ice sheet became very dynamic and was very easily melted.

(g) Land ice and ice shelf mass balance and sealevel

Well, we were going into the worst part of the last ice age.

That's the Ross Sea Ice Shelf on the right there.

So that ice sheet is partly floating, and it's exposed to the ocean, to the ocean heat.

Greenland remains. Twenty eight years ago, this is what the polar ice cap the North Polar ice cap looked like at the end of the summer, at the fall equinox.

The World Climate Research Programme has specifically included research on climate and cryosphere, the main purpose of which is to provide a globally integrated approach to the study of the role of the cryosphere in the climate system.

It was formed by glacial melting at the end of the Ice Age.

And I kind of broke the mold with Sherman.

This melting has a major impact on the ocean around an iceberg.

Nobody imagined that the West Antarctic Ice Sheet was this dynamic.

The ice drilling project on the north eastern corner of the Amery ice shelf near Davis Station continued.

Usually only 1 9 of the volume of an iceberg is above the water.

The arctic ice cap is, in a sense, the beating heart of the global climate system.

If we walk into the B15 iceberg when we leave here today, we're going to bump into something a thousand feet tall, 76 miles long, 17 miles wide, and it's going to weigh two gigatons.

If its ice sheet melted completely, sea levels would rise by seven meters meaning that we cannot afford to lose even a small fraction of the ice sheet.

The last glacial period, popularly known as the Ice Age, was the most recent glacial period within the current ice age occurring during the last years of the Pleistocene, from approximately 110,000 to 12,000 years ago.

Brown Glacier, Heard Island, had retreated by 50 metres over three years, with the lower slopes of the glacier having lost as much as 11 metres in thickness, while Collins Glacier, King George Island, retreated by some 200 metres between 1987 and 2005.

In the last three decades, its volume has shrunk by roughly three quarters.

The challenge will be to find a way out of this and work towards a mutually acceptable solution to this icy conflict.

Most of Ross Ice Shelf is in the Ross Dependency claimed by New Zealand.

The last glacial period of the current ice age ended about 10,000 years ago.

A polynya is an area of open water surrounded by sea ice.

Late ice age climatic changes caused plant communities and animal populations to change.

largely pleistocene environments, where we became fully human, but also by the social situations in which we evolved.

The amount of a moderate to severe snow melting of an area equivalent to the size of California.