Commercial banks have to be bailed out by governments then governments have to be bailed out by commercial banks.

At the same time, finance takes on quasi fiscal functions by excluding government fiscal deposits government deposits in the national treasury, commercial banks fiscal savings, and central treasury cash managed through commercial bank deposits from the money supply.

In the end, both have to be bailed out by central banks.

National regulators are exploring ways to vary ratio requirements over the business cycle, and have started subjecting banks to regular stress tests.

Amar Bhide suggested that commercial banks return to narrow banking.

Commercial banks and other financial institutions were encouraged to contribute to the fund.

Commercial banks loaded with weaker countries government bonds became potentially insolvent.

Critics point out that plain old bad lending by the commercial banks accounted for 90 of banks losses.

They were contagious across national frontiers.

The commercial banks main losses were incurred in the residential and commercial housing market.

The creation of the system of national banks by the National Banking Act provided a strong financial network in the country.

Those increased deposits at commercial banks were, by definition, an increase in the relevant stock of money.

The next challenge will be to push for a restoration of bank capital, so that commercial banks can once again lend for longer term investments.

To protect commercial banks from risking their own solvency (and the whole country s solvency besides) once again, Richard Robb suggested that a small tax on banks short term debts be imposed in order to deter banks from over borrowing.

Third, commercial banks also lost heavily in these dealings, wiping out much of their capital.

Commercial banks must deposit with the central bank 21.5 of deposits as reserves.

But financial repression s winners commercial banks and SOEs will face new challenges.

As a result, Chinese commercial banks can operate longer with a higher RRR than their counterparts elsewhere.

Elimination of Glass Steagall then allowed commercial banks to encroach on the investment banks other traditional preserves.

They will make loans on the basis of commercial criteria rather than relations with big state owned companies.

It created so called Central Bank Bills, which commercial banks are supposed to buy voluntarily.

The link between bond purchases and the money stock depends on the role of commercial banks excess reserves.

Conglomerates allow financial institutions to diversify their business, and combining with commercial banks allows investment banks to fund their operations using relatively stable deposits instead of fickle money markets.

This may result in extra reserves, which commercial banks cannot use to extend their credit lines.

The family sector has found difficulties of access to credits, due to lack of earnings and the conditions needed or required by Commercial Banks.

Commercial banks, flush with central banks money, advanced credit for many unsound investment projects, with the explosion of financial innovation (particularly of derivative instruments) fueling the lending frenzy.

Governments brought commercial banks under prudential regulation in exchange for public provision of deposit insurance and lender of last resort functions.

These strategies typically involve far more risk and sophistication than the activities of traditional commercial banks.

By extending well beyond their comfort zone, today s central banks face unusual brand management risks.

In a forthcoming paper, Patrick Bolton extends this view to look at bankers and at the Glass Steagall Act, which forbade commercial banks from engaging in a wide variety of activities classified as investment banking.

If nothing nasty happens losses on mortgages, commercial real estate, business loans, and credit cards the banks might just be able to make it through without another crisis.

The stock of money that relates most closely to inflation consists primarily of the deposits that businesses and households have at commercial banks.

But such revisions of Basel II are not enough, because bank portfolios especially those of international banks with large trading books are vulnerable to the risks stemming from long swing fluctuations in asset markets.

From that point on, commercial and investment banks could merge, and the composite entities were authorized to provide a full range of banking services, including underwriting and other trading activities.

The TV market includes ten national commercial networks, and provincial networks that compete with public TVRI.

Second, the measures must be accompanied by forceful messages to commercial banks to address their medium term recapitalization and balance sheet repair issues.

Japan s banks invested heavily in commercial real estate and were dragged down when the property market boom of the 1980 s went bust.

The fear was that powerful banks would exploit national government help, asking for intervention too soon.

And yet, the opposite is more likely, with domestic inflation a danger aggravated by central banks loosening of money supply to help commercial banks bringing the threat of higher interest rates.

CAMBRIDGE America s long controversial Glass Steagall Act of 1933, which separated deposit taking commercial banks from securities trading investment banks in the United States, is back in the news.

There is a better solution, pioneered after commercial banks in the United States loaned too much to Latin America in the 1970 s.

If a government can step in to bail out failing banks, why not to protect its failing businesses or farmers as well?

Some 90 of the refinancing debt that the commercial banks of the GIPS countries (Greece, Ireland, Portugal, and Spain) hold with their respective national central banks served to purchase a net inflow of goods and assets from other eurozone countries.

European banks remain balkanized, with a patchwork of national regulators seeking to promote their own champions.

Furthermore, the PBC uses unconventional instruments from time to time, such as credit ceilings or credit quotas imposed on commercial banks.