These loans are based on a banks reserves, and reserves are derived from deposits.

The difference, which banks offset through transactions in the inter bank currency market, has a significant impact on China s foreign exchange reserves, but is not equivalent to the net change in foreign exchange reserves during the same period.

Instead, banks have hoarded the increase in the monetary base in the form of idle excess reserves.

It may pile up in bank reserves or savings accounts, or it may produce asset bubbles.

Indeed, the credit channel is frozen and velocity has collapsed, with banks hoarding increases in base money in the form of excess reserves.

This may result in extra reserves, which commercial banks cannot use to extend their credit lines.

And, in Europe, the sovereigns must address firmly their financing problems through credible fiscal consolidation. In addition, to support growth, banks must have sufficient capital buffers.

Bank capital is not cash reserves that must be set aside it is unborrowed money that can be used to make loans.

They note that the enormous expansion of commercial banks reserves has not led to a comparable increase in the supply of money and credit.

(b) The reserves of the Organization

B. The reserves of the Organization

Banks on the list must keep higher reserves, and maintain more liquidity, reflecting their status as systemically important institutions.

The reason is simple while base money is soaring, the velocity of money has collapsed, with banks hoarding the liquidity in the form of excess reserves.

Credit quotas imposed early this year have left Chinese commercial banks with 2 3 of extra reserves.

(iv) Other reserves.

Commercial banks could hold them without setting aside any capital reserves, and the European Central Bank (ECB) accepted them on equal terms at its discount window.

The credit channel also is not working properly, as banks have hoarded most of the extra liquidity from QE, creating excess reserves rather than increasing lending.

30. There is a possibility that offshore oil reserves will prove to be significant.

Central banks held only an estimated 46 of their foreign exchange reserves in dollars in 1992, but that share rebounded to almost 70 by 2000.

For that deposit becomes part of the bank's reserves.

At the same time, the IMF s data indicate that the vaunted renminbi is not yet among the top seven currencies in terms of central bank reserve holdings.

Smaller reserves are found in the United States.

When the Fed buys Treasury bonds or other assets like mortgage backed securities, it creates reserves for the commercial banks, which the banks deposit at the Fed itself.

While subdued liquidity and credit growth are delaying the inflationary impact of the Fed s determination to expand banks already massive reserves, America cannot escape inflation forever.

Besides the largest conventional oil reserves and the second largest natural gas reserves in the Western Hemisphere, Venezuela has non conventional oil deposits (extra heavy crude oil, bitumen and tar sands) approximately equal to the world's reserves of conventional oil.

Africa is a continent rich in energy, holding two thirds of the world s reserves of hydro electric power trillions of kilowatt hours representing about half of total world resources.

But General Babangida also has deep pockets.

Gas reserves should last about 50 years at present rates of consumption.

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You know, we've built up reserves. Why is that important?

Banks

The banks.

Banking!

With fear of bank runs and defaults receding, banks reserve ratios became ever smaller, thus increasing their lending facilities.

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The Fed has printed new bank reserves with reckless abandon.

Prudence does not, however, justify the creation of secret or hidden reserves.

She feeds the larvae by regurgitating from her fat reserves.

(c) Build up gross international reserves equivalent to 1.9 months of imports

And we're doing this on the second largest oil reserves on the planet.

With 2 trillion in excess reserves, and the prospect of as much as 85 billion added each month, banks receive 5 billion a year, and rising, without taking any risk.

When banks stopped providing short term liquidity to other banks and industrial companies, central banks filled the gap.

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