It is much more efficient than taxation as a means of skimming a significant share of payments for Chinese exports, which accrue as currency reserves and can be used at the central government s discretion.

Besides the largest conventional oil reserves and the second largest natural gas reserves in the Western Hemisphere, Venezuela has non conventional oil deposits (extra heavy crude oil, bitumen and tar sands) approximately equal to the world's reserves of conventional oil.

Smaller reserves are found in the United States.

Africa is a continent rich in energy, holding two thirds of the world s reserves of hydro electric power trillions of kilowatt hours representing about half of total world resources.

But General Babangida also has deep pockets.

Gas reserves should last about 50 years at present rates of consumption.

Taking precautions during sexual activity is regarded as an individual responsibility.

The Fed has printed new bank reserves with reckless abandon.

Has published books and articles on international taxation, transfer pricing and the tax code.

A mechanism that allows rich countries that don t need additional reserves to transfer their allocations to those that do is readily available, using the IMF s gold reserves.

In the past decade, YPF s reserves diminished significantly, along with those of most oil companies operating in Argentina, because investment in exploration was greatly reduced.

Tax revenue

Taxes and tipping

As a result, the country s energy reserves have also become an investment magnet.

The country's oil reserves have played a major role in its growing wealth and influence.

New tax system

Exemption from taxes

Others, like Massachusetts, tried to levy taxes, but its citizens refused to pay them.

Also during the war, geologists discovered large reserves of gold that would be mined in the 1950s.

Automatic reporting of information by financial institutions can be very useful to tax administrations for the verification of information reported by taxpayers.

Mr. Yoshiki Takeuchi (Japan). Director, International Tax Policy Division, Tax Bureau, Ministry of Finance.

To be sure, most taxes entail heavy excess burdens the cost is significantly greater than the value of the revenue raised because of potential taxpayers' myriad attempts at evasion and avoidance.

Evading Tax Evasion

Residents don t pay taxes.

Japan s Tax Hike Test

Saved by Taxes

Tax and spend (Please)

Reimbursement of national taxes

Exemption from taxes

b Prior to tax adjustments.

Taxation, Pension and Gratuity.

In other words, France uses African reserves to finance part of its budget deficit at a concessional interest rate.

He became enormously popular in Iran after he nationalized Iran's petroleum industry and oil reserves.

In 2005 it had proven recoverable coal reserves of 171 million tons.

Bank reserves were in silver coins, and banknotes were convertible solely into silver.

Iraq has reserves of uranium ore which continue to be mined at Akashat, on the border with Syria.

Pajari decided to commit his reserves in a pincer attack at the Soviet troops around the hotel.

Deputy International Tax Counsel, Office of International Tax Counsel, Department of the Treasury.

Excise taxes account for over 60 of India's indirect taxes, which in turn represent the same proportion of its total tax receipts.

The company s debt asset ratio leapt from 18 to 90 as company reserves for long term development essential in the telecoms industry were used to service the loan.

The difference, which banks offset through transactions in the inter bank currency market, has a significant impact on China s foreign exchange reserves, but is not equivalent to the net change in foreign exchange reserves during the same period.

Previous positions include associate, International Tax Counsel, Office of International Tax Counsel Attorney advisor, Office of International Tax Counsel and associate, Cleary, Gottlieb, Steen and Hamilton.

But those foreign exchange balances have grown far beyond the level needed as emergency reserves.

Countries have accumulated large reserves in order to insure against shocks.

More than 60 of Venezuela's international reserves is in gold, eight times more than the average for the region.