Repsol currently holds 57 , with the rest owned by stock market investors.

Investors could create a stock market bubble, encouraging even more naïve investors to concentrate their personal retirement accounts in the stock market and leaving them dangerously exposed when it crashes.

Although impact investors can lay the groundwork for commercial investors, they must also work in unison with government authorities to ensure well functioning market systems.

Initial public offering (IPO) or stock market launch is a type of public offering in which shares of stock in a company usually are sold to institutional investors that in turn sell to the general public, on a securities exchange, for the first time.

Encouraging participation by foreign investors is a quick way to jump start local bond market activity.

But if banks market power increases due to barriers to entry, consumers and investors will suffer.

And, as public investors, they are likely to have a better understanding of investment projects that depend on public policy.

As a result, investors value a strong public partner now more than ever before.

Lawmakers also should consider providing public investors with a say over political spending decisions.

Thus, the market also attracts investors who are not interested in the commodity, but in speculative gain.

Indeed, most professional investors trashed the tests as dishonest even as their holdings benefited from a rising market.

By contrast, sophisticated investors, such as big stock market players, are unlikely to fall prey to this trap.

Both managements and investors should take market learning into account, paying close attention to the potential increase in market capitalization that eliminating anti takeover provisions could produce.

One would think that market prices should be volatile as investors try to absorb what this earnings volatility means.

We have already established the basis and guarantees that opened up the Turkmen market to foreign investors and enterprises.

Clearly, however, such processes can have little effect if political spending is not transparent to public investors.

So investors must now hope that the latest episode will be forgotten unless and until hope succumbs to market psychology.

That task cannot be left to investors, contrary to the diktats of the market fundamentalist dogma that prevailed until recently.

The Japanese equity market is up an impressive 55 since hints of the paradigm shift started hitting investors radar screens.

For the financial market, the size of the exit depends on the funds available to make short term investors whole.

Among economic factors, labour productivity based on low labour costs (for efficiency seeking investors) and high GDP growth rates (for market seeking investors) have been the most important determinants (Dasgupta and Ratha, 2000).

Other aspects of investment promotion conducted by the Department are market studies of prospective investors, public relations work to improve the international perception of the country apos s investment climate, and organization of promotional meetings with mining companies.

The video features Marzouki making an unexpected visit to a public market.

Investors prize assets that are relatively uncorrelated, or even better, negatively correlated with the returns of the market as a whole.

The surge in the stock market benefits domestic investors, making them likelier to spend more (what economists call the wealth effect ).

Real progress on the economy requires certainty on status combined with a healthy environment for investors and a functioning market economy.

Likewise, India s public finances are stronger than they are in most emerging market countries, let alone emerging market countries in crisis.

Investors thus assumed that they did not need to assess the credit risk of eurozone countries (national) public debt.

Indeed, the best analysts know that forecasting the performance of any country's stock market substantially means forecasting how well the government wants stock market investors to fare in the current political environment.

It is small wonder, then, that investors desperately searching for yield have rushed into equities, commodities, credit instruments, and emerging market currencies.

Moreover, the outcome for investors is the same even if managers are honest and merely think that they can beat the market.

Given the international preoccupation with China s economic success, the country is now a highly salient market to investors all over the world.

Because China is still enforcing capital controls, it is not easy for foreign investors to put their money into the CNY market.

All money market funds then became suspect, and many investors fled withdrawing one third of a trillion dollars in a single week.

Its lobbyists told the SEC commissioners that current rules already did everything possible to ensure safety that retail investors want money market funds steady value that change would hurt all investors and that the recent Dodd Frank financial reform legislation disrupts regulators ability to bail out money market funds next time.

For the financial market, the size of the exit depends on the funds available to make short term investors whole. Unfortunately, the size of the EFSF looks inadequate to finance a collective exit by short term investors.

Thus, divergence over macroeconomic policy will continue at least as long as investors remain willing to buy US public debt.

Finally, public corporations must be managed for the long term, and should be rewarded by investors for being more inclusive.

As consumers, firms, and investors become more cautious and risk averse, the equity market rally of the second half of 2012 has crested.

Increasing risk tolerance on the part of stock market investors, which appears to have raised long run price earnings ratios by around 20 .

Money market funds take excess cash from investors and use it to purchase short term IOUs from businesses, banks, and other financial institutions.

If money market funds had to maintain capital reserves, industry representatives argued, yields to investors would decline and the industry s profits would suffer.

It is expected that an early dialogue between issuers and investors will lead to a quick rehabilitation of debtors and restore market access.

These speculative investments can further strengthen the trend and push futures price further away from market equilibrium, especially if many investors follow suit or those who invest have sufficient funds to influence the market.

Public institutions were rapidly modernized, political democracy adopted, and a standard market economy created.