22. In Africa, the UNCTAD secretariat provided assistance to ECOWAS in the areas of coastal shipping, common external tariff and monetary and financial cooperation.

With regard to the Common External Tariff (CET), the study undertaken for ECOWAS on the basic aspects of a CET is being adapted for ECCAS.

Furthermore, the CFA has yet to establish a functional common external tariff, and intra franc zone trade stands at a mere 12 of its members total exports and imports.

He noted that Montserrat must join CARICOM members in applying the Common External Tariff (CET), which allows goods from CARICOM countries to enter other CARICOM countries free of import duties.

35. At their recent meeting, the Presidents of MERCOSUR member countries had established a common external tariff and had made great progress in dismantling the barriers to trade between their countries.

Moreover, the Harmonized Central American System (SAC) came into effect, including the Unified Customs Code, whose common external tariff opens up the economies of the subregion to the rest of the world.

A Central American Uniform Customs Code (CAUCA) was agreed upon and negotiations were carried out to establish a Central American common external tariff (with a 5 per cent floor and 20 per cent ceiling).

At the recent meeting of the Presidents of the MERCOSUR countries, held in Buenos Aires on 5 August, they took a decisive step forward by agreeing by consensus to establish a common external tariff.

AFTA would be established through a common effective preferential tariff scheme over a period of 10 years.

(i) By the use of tariff or non tariff barriers and

Non Tariff Barriers

What's the tariff?

24. The Foreign Ministers welcomed the launching of the Common Effective Preferential Tariff (CEPT) Scheme for AFTA on 1 January 1993.

On 26 March 1991, the Governments of Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay committed themselves to the formation of a tariff free common market, the Southern Cone Common Market, or Mercosur.

Despite various preferential trade arrangements with its main trading partners, Africa's external trade continues to be hindered by a host of non tariff barriers and excessive market entry requirements that nullify the market access granted under preferential tariff regimes.

As of next January, we will have brought into force a common external tariff, along with Argentina, Paraguay and Uruguay, and will have consolidated a Customs Union capable of generating growth and prosperity, one of the first customs unions among developing countries.

Figure 14 Average tariff

(c) Regulations and tariff structure

NAMA It was recognized that all countries have a positive interest in seeking the reduction of tariff peaks and tariff escalation, as well as non tariff barriers.

MERCOSUR is consolidating itself with the adoption of a common external tariff, which comes into effect on 1 January 1995, which will establish a customs union, and at the same time aims to promote associative links with other Latin American countries, such as Bolivia and Chile.

In his letter of resignation, Mr. Brandt cited differences with the Chief Minister over the economic policy of the Government, including the introduction of the Common External Tariff (CET) (see para. 29), interference in the administration of his Ministry and the dismissal of overseas tourism representatives. 4

Formulas for tariff cutting under NAMA should be determined expeditiously so as to drastically reduce tariff peaks and tariff escalations, with adequate SDT made available to developing countries.

(a) Substantial reductions of tariffs, the rolling back of tariff peaks and the removal of tariff escalation

Average tariff levels are only 3 .

13 February 1993 customs tariff reform

Improving market access involved not only tariff reduction but also relaxation of non tariff barriers and rules of origin.

However, more work is needed to find or create the appropriate tariff headings and to address non tariff barriers.

It had also agreed to hasten the implementation of the Common Effective Preferential Tariff Scheme and was making efforts for the joint promotion of direct foreign investment.

Market access Tariffs and non tariff barriers

Nevertheless, scope remains for the liberalization and rationalization of tariffs in non agricultural goods, particularly for the removal of tariff bias, tariff escalation and tariff peaks affecting developing country exports in their major markets.

The Doha Ministerial Declaration (DMD) called for the reduction or, as appropriate, elimination of tariff and non tariff barriers to EGS.

Tariff and non tariff barriers on trade among African countries often remain a major obstacle to increased intraregional or subregional trade.

The agricultural sector is protected through high tariffs, tariff picks, tariff escalation and non tariff barriers in many developed countries, and market access is often denied to products from developing countries, including landlocked developing countries.

In this regard it is urgent to eliminate high tariffs, tariff picks, tariff escalation, non tariff barriers, export subsidies and to substantially reduce trade distorting domestic support for protecting the agricultural sector of developed countries.

It will also take up non tariff barriers.

2 November 1992 Department (FAD) FAD tariff system

Their exports today face a variety of barriers in their major markets, including non tariff trade barriers and other non tariff measures.

The negotiations should take a balanced view of both tariff and non tariff measures, and also maintain the spotlight on technology transfer.

There was need for the reduction and or elimination of export subsidies, domestic support, tariff peaks and escalation, and non tariff barriers.

It is especially common to see this type of link when one large website links to an external page.

The Court has adopted a common approach to the entirety of its external relations, public information and outreach activities.

We call for better access to markets, in particular preferential markets with lowered tariff and non tariff barriers to trade with industrialized countries.

One assumes that the price changes fully reflect the relevant tariff changes that is, that the tariff changes will fully benefit the consumers.

Circulatory diseases are the most common cause of death, followed by tumour related diseases. External causes of death are the third most common motor vehicle accidents, suicides, murders and drowning.

The tariff was bad economics it made America poorer.