Fluctuations in exchange markets result in gains and losses in the purchasing power of reserves.

Therefore, a central bank must continually increase the amount of its reserves to maintain the same power to manipulate exchange rates.

Likewise, geo economic calculations of relative GDP, terms of trade, and foreign exchange reserves carry significant weight in determining the balance of power.

Iran, it is often claimed, has no need for nuclear power, given its abundant oil and natural gas reserves.

This alone means that under normal circumstances the purchasing power of China s foreign exchange reserves will automatically depreciate by 4 each year.

In 2007, the discovery of massive offshore oil reserves promised to make Brazil a significant power in the energy arena as well.

Africa s natural gas reserves amount to about 8 of global reserves.

Another new dimension of the energy security problem is the manner in which high prices and increased reserves have transferred power to energy producing countries.

But Saudi soft power extends beyond custodianship of Mecca and Medina, for Saudi diplomacy is also backed by the largest oil reserves in the world.

Reserves

Africa is a continent rich in energy, holding two thirds of the world s reserves of hydro electric power trillions of kilowatt hours representing about half of total world resources.

What matters is not variations in the book value of these reserves, but rather their real value in terms of purchasing power when China decides to cash in.

The country has the world's largest natural gas reserves, the 8th largest oil reserves, and the second largest coal reserves.

Second, countries with large accumulations of dollar reserves will be shifting substantial fractions of those reserves into euros.

But a different assertion of democratic and parliamentary power, this time in the Gulf sheikdom of Kuwait, which possesses 10 of world oil reserves, may prove to be equally important.

Covering this drop in reserves more than half of gas reserves and a fifth of oil reserves have been consumed with imports implies an annual cost of more than 300 billion.

(l) Other reserves

(j) Operating reserves

It is estimated that the Norwegian section alone contains 54 of the sea's oil reserves and 45 of its gas reserves.

Africa is estimated to hold more than 10 of global oil reserves and one third of reserves of cobalt and base metals.

It has 10 of global oil reserves.

(g) Transfers to reserves

Selling 2 trillion of reserves will take years.

Table 6 Comparison of reserves and staff liabilities

STATEMENT OF ASSETS, LIABILITIES, RESERVES AND FUND BALANCES

The creation of America as a major economic power, after all, was made possible by giant steel mills, integrated railway systems, and the mobilization of enormous energy reserves through such ventures as Standard Oil.

The US Federal Reserve Board has pumped out trillions of dollars of reserves, but never have so many reserves produced so little monetary growth.

Other reserves comprise the following

Obviously, a country whose currency represents a significant proportion of world reserves can gain international power from that position, thanks to easier terms for economic adjustment and the ability to influence other countries.

a statement of assets, liabilities, reserves and fund balances

China s foreign exchange reserves, indeed, are facing a triple whammy a decline in the US dollar s purchasing power, a fall in the prices of US government securities, and possible inflation in the longer run.

China held 610 billion in reserves and India, 125 billion.5 Members of ASEAN, the Republic of Korea and Taiwan Province of China also hold very sizeable reserves.

But, while the buildup of reserves currently around 7.6 trillion in emerging and developing economies protected them, money going into reserves was money not spent.

During QE2 (from November 2010 to July 2011), the Fed added a total of 557.9 billion to reserves, and excess reserves grew by 546.5 billion.

Jordan proposes to remediate the damage to its rangelands by creating and managing 185,000 hectares of rangeland reserves and wildlife reserves in the Eastern Badia.

Besides the largest conventional oil reserves and the second largest natural gas reserves in the Western Hemisphere, Venezuela has non conventional oil deposits (extra heavy crude oil, bitumen and tar sands) approximately equal to the world's reserves of conventional oil.

The concept of reserves is technical and economic, not geological.

Reserves of foreign currency provide a small return in interest.

a Including earmarked reserves, the total reserves are 70 million for 2002, 93 million for 2003 and 68 million for 2004.

a Including earmarked reserves, the total reserves are 70 million for 2002, 93 million for 2003 and 68 million for 2004.

According to the Oil and Gas Journal (January 1, 2009), the MENA region has 60 of the world's oil reserves () and 45 of the world's natural gas reserves ( ).

According to some estimates, Kazakhstan has the second largest uranium, chromium, lead, and zinc reserves, the third largest manganese reserves, the fifth largest copper reserves, and ranks in the top ten for coal, iron, and gold.

It possesses the world's fourth largest reserves of natural gas resources.

Total reserves of titanium are estimated to exceed 600 million tonnes.

Fortunately, the focus of the debate is on reserves and not resources. Reserves are defined as the quantities of petroleum that are expected to be commercially recoverable from known fields.