(d) African authorities should view capital and remittance flows as an important part of their national economic statistics.

Alternative remittance systems

Recognizing that remittance flows constitute sources of private capital and that remittances have increased over time, complement domestic savings and are instrumental in improving the well being of recipients,

Harnessing the Remittance Boom

SR VI. Alternative remittance

Alternative informal remittance systems

There are different approaches to the problem, particularly between remittance source States and remittance receiving States.

The impact of remittance income on household well being depends on who controls remittance income and how it is spent.

E. Alternative informal remittance systems

There are no alternate remittance systems.

Recent work has tended to stress the developmental dimension of remittance flows, highlighting its role in developing human capital through education and, to a lesser extent, physical investment in farms or housing.

Remittance income formed a big part of Yemen s budget.

(c) In order to address the concerns of remittance receiving States, registered alternative remittance systems should be obliged to settle balances through normal banking channels

The remittance flow continues to be buoyant.

Furthermore, remittance levels are double those of official development assistance (ODA).

The remittance system of Hawala does not obtain in this jurisdiction.

Has this name been circulated to alternative remittance systems?

alternative remittance systems are difficult to licence or to supervise.

Policies and projects that facilitated the development impact of remittances must be analysed. As half of remittance senders and the majority of remittance recipients, women were playing a central role in managing and distributing such income.

One State has recorded some success in encouraging the voluntary registration of alternative remittance systems.

Table 3 Private remittance flows to Africa, 1998 2003 (In billions of United States dollars)a

Hurdles in converting informal remittance systems to formal systems through registration or licensing

The regulatory authorities of some States have initiated programmes to detect unregistered or unlicensed alternative remittance activity.

The Team makes no distinction between alternative and informal remittance systems for the purposes of this report.

Other countries, however, have taken steps to make remittance transfers possible via mobile phones.

(q) Issues related to the informal and cash based economy, including alternative remittance systems

Alternative remittance systems are known by many terms, but all share the same operational characteristics.

The key is to reflect on six kinds of capital goods business capital, infrastructure, human capital, intellectual capital, natural capital, and social capital.

Many States may therefore need to amend their laws to bring informal remittance systems under regulation.

No money remittance agencies are operating outside the banks (see the answer to the question 1.6).

For example, in commodity dependent and resource strapped Lesotho, remittance receipts represented about 27 per cent of GDP in 2001.

Although few States in their 1,455 reports acknowledged the existence of unregulated remittance systems within their jurisdiction, they are widespread.

Some States have initiated registration or licensing regimes for alternative remittance systems, or plan to do so.

Every year, thousands of desperate Tajik citizens leave the world's most remittance dependent country for a better life, mostly in Russia.

It is still common for electronic remittance or invoicing to be printed in order to maintain paper records.

Improve Australia's terrorism financing regime through strengthening criminalisation of the financing of terrorism, ensuring coverage of alternative remittance dealers, wire transfers and cash couriers.

Law no 48 of June 26 2003 published in Official Gazette no 24831 of June 26 2003 regulates the operations of money remittance companies.

Efratti of From Nation's Capital to Nation's Capital adds

Its capital, Belgrade, was also the federal capital of Yugoslavia.

Please indicate the laws and procedures available to regulate alternative remittance systems, including systems of, or similar to, the kind known as hawala.

The CTC would appreciate receiving the number of money remittance agencies transfer services registered and or licensed in the Netherlands, Netherlands Antilles and Aruba.

Capitals of Capital

In Bangladesh, for example, just 13 of households that receive remittances from abroad are below the poverty line, compared to 34 of non remittance receiving households.

The sustainable livelihood framework (SLF) proposed in the project document as a tool for analysing the success of the project is based on the following set of broad success indicators natural capital, physical capital, social capital, human capital and financial capital.

Other forms of alternative remittance system, such as hundi or hawala, could be discussed here. In addition, other modi operandi (typologies) of money laundering could be discussed.