The OPEC Oil Embargo at 40

A symbolic cut or embargo, while possible, would have little impact on world oil markets.

But by the 1973 Yom Kippur war, the Arab oil embargo had a greater effect, owing to America s growing demand for imported oil.

March 17 Arab oil ministers, with the exception of Libya, announce the end of the US embargo.

When Japan responded by taking over southern French Indochina, the US retaliated by imposing an embargo on oil exports to Japan.

For example, on Iran (with exceptions like Greece), Europeans have united around a clear policy and collective positions, such as an oil embargo.

Iran stands to receive around 100 billion in assets frozen overseas and see an end to European oil embargo and various restrictions on Iranian banks.

The Suez crisis caused an outcry of indignation in the entire Arab world and Saudi Arabia set an embargo on oil on France and Britain.

But the first fell prey to a long US occupation, and the second currently faces a US led oil export embargo designed to throttle it financially.

Following Israel s victory in the Yom Kippur War, the Arab members of the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) announced an oil embargo on Israel s supporters.

Four decades ago, countries not only endured the immediate economic impact of the OPEC embargo they leveraged the potential of the resulting oil shortages to spur innovation.

A consequence of the embargo is that U.S. corporations cannot invest in the Sudan oil industry, so companies in China, Malaysia and India are the major investors.

Arms embargo

Arms embargo

Arms embargo

Arms embargo

Arms embargo

Arms embargo

Arms embargo

The ulema have also influenced major executive decisions, for example the imposition of the oil embargo in 1973 and the invitation of foreign troops to Saudi Arabia in 1990.

EMBARGO 6 SEPTEMBER 2004

Status of the embargo

Monitoring the arms embargo

Territory of the embargo

Scope of the arms embargo

Monitoring of the arms embargo

C. Improving the arms embargo

Scope of the arms embargo

Examples of arms embargo violations

E. Arms embargo ban implemented?

C. Arms embargo ban implemented?

As a long term strategy, energy embargoes have always proven to be futile. Saudi Arabia saw its share of world oil exports drop sharply in the 12 years after the 1973 1974 embargo.

Recommendations an integrated arms embargo approach

6380 Prohibition for political reasons (embargo)

India should seek to play the role of honest broker to defuse the threat of military hostilities, which would most likely shut down the world s most important oil export route, the Strait of Hormuz (a danger that Iran has said is also implicit in an oil export embargo against it).

Even though the embargo was aimed at the US and the Netherlands, market forces shifted oil among consumers, and in the long term all consuming countries suffered shortages of supply and the same price shock.

In the wake of the BP oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico in 2010 and the subsequent US drilling embargo, the approval of Shell s drilling operations off the Alaskan coast received considerable media attention.

Reported violations of arms embargo in Somalia

Resolution 1596 (2005) extended the embargo to the entire Democratic Republic of the Congo, and helped to clarify the exemptions to the embargo.

NOW WHICH COUNTRY IN EMBARGO LIST? IRAN? USA?

Known arms embargo violations during the mandate period

The integrated arms embargo concept is detailed below.

Monitoring Team activities related to the arms embargo

(d) Monitor the implementation of the arms embargo.

Analysis of trends and patterns of arms embargo violations