The primary secondary quality distinction is a conceptual distinction in epistemology and metaphysics, concerning the nature of reality.

In doing so, he rejected metaphysics, which considers the reality of a world beyond the natural world and science.

In metaphysics, the problem of universals refers to the question of whether properties exist, and if so, what they are.

In 1937, he received his Ph.D. in philosophy (based on metaphysics in the philosophies of Whitehead and Heidegger) from Harvard University.

I tried to resort to Metaphysics to express my ideas, in order to reach the unconscious mind rather than the traditional and ordinary political design.

Metaphysics James and Dewey were empirical thinkers in the most straightforward fashion experience is the ultimate test and experience is what needs to be explained.

He is the author of twenty seven authoritative works on various aspects of Islamic thought and civilisation, particularly on Sufism, cosmology, metaphysics, philosophy and Malay language and literature.