The Chinese have 2 trillion in hard currency reserves to back up their promise.

Wheat exports, a major source of hard currency, rank among the leading commodities in Kazakhstan's export trade.

Inflation has caused the face value of coins to fall below the hard currency value of the historically used metals.

But it is hard to see how the single currency can survive much longer without a decisive move towards a far stronger fiscal union.

The hawaladar in Somalia receives the money in hard currency, mostly United States dollars, and makes the relevant transfer to the corresponding foreign hawaladar office.

Since 2005, the US Congress has repeatedly flirted with legislation aimed at defending hard pressed American workers from the presumed threat of a cheap Chinese currency.

Many borrowers, unable to get funding on reasonable terms domestically, were forced to take hard currency loans from abroad, creating disastrous burdens when the ruble collapsed.

In the early 1990 s, desperately short of hard currency, Nigeria negotiated contracts permitting the oil companies to develop new fields and recoup their investment before sharing profits.

3. Takes note of the updated list of hard currency duty stations for which the allowances are specified in local currency, as contained in annex VIII to the report of the Commission Official Records of the General Assembly, Fifty fifth Session, Supplement No. 30 (A 55 30).

It is hard to see how this ends well. The alternatives seem to be a lengthy and difficult return to growth and employment, or declining enthusiasm for the common currency.

Work hard, play hard.

North Korea s leaders have a history of aggressiveness, a demonstrated contempt for their people, and a record of selling just about anything (from drugs and counterfeit dollars to missile parts) to earn hard currency.

Most of world trade is still invoiced in dollars, but the euro has gradually emerged as a viable alternative a strong currency backed by the hard earned inflation credibility of the European Central Bank.

Currency Chaos

The dollar (currency code TTD) is the currency of Trinidad and Tobago.

But, while the euro s international role especially its use in financial markets has increased since its inception, it is hard to envisage it overtaking the dollar as the dominant reserve currency in the foreseeable future.

China s Currency Conundrum

Oil Currency Hypocrisy

Controlling China s Currency

currency units, a.k.a.

Currency exchange rate

Currency exchange rate

(c) Currency adjustment

Currency of reimbursement

More appalling is the fact that France guarantees the CFA franc s free convertibility into hard currency, originally on the condition that all 15 Franc Zone countries surrender 100 of their foreign reserves to the French Treasury.

The Cayman Islands Dollar (currency code KYD ) is the currency of the Cayman Islands.

You're getting better, but it's hard. Why is it hard?

The implication is that the dollar, the euro, and the renminbi will share the roles of invoicing currency, settlement currency, and reserve currency in coming years.

The Currency Manipulation Charade

An Accidental Currency War?

China s New Currency Policy

Currency War and Peace

(d) Currency exchange adjustments

(f) Currency exchange adjustment

To be sure, Cuba might initially decide not to apply. Joining the IMF would give it access to information, advice, and hard currency loans but it would also require the government to divulge data on the Cuban economy.

Not long ago, the IMF pushed hard for countries rich or poor to open up to foreign finance. Now it has acknowledged the reality that financial globalization can be disruptive inducing financial crises and economically adverse currency movements.

The same applies to extensive government borrowing from abroad, to currency boards, even to currency unions.

Hard Turkey

And that's hard to that's hard to create but it is coming.

True, Germany has been hit hard very hard by the economic crisis.

Since the amount of foreign reserves available to defend a weak currency (a currency in low demand) is limited, a currency crisis or devaluation could be the end result.

The currency peg has also helped make the euro into an important reserve currency, rivaling the dollar.

Maintaining a two tier currency system and an undervalued currency has been the key to China s success.

While the Panel finds that these losses are compensable in principle, the Panel notes that currency losses generally, and particularly currency losses relating to Iraqi dinars, are particularly difficult to verify. Ownership of currency is generally proven through possession of the currency.

How to Fight Currency Manipulation