After all, a currency can appreciate while an economy is sluggish, or depreciate despite robust growth.

Despite unprecedented fiscal and monetary stimulus, economic growth remains sluggish, and unemployment is stuck at a worrisomely high level.

Most Americans are, after all, preoccupied with the US economy s sluggish growth and persistent high unemployment.

Japan recorded its highest annual growth rate since 1996, whereas the European Union recovery remained sluggish.

It is more reassuring and feels better to tell Europeans that growth is sluggish because society is not sufficiently knowledge based, rather than pointing to the trade off between vacations and growth.

Moreover, its economic performance has been relatively sluggish, with a growth rate of just 2.3 last year.

CAMBRIDGE As one year of sluggish growth spills into the next, there is growing debate about what to expect over the coming decades.

Advanced economies will face sluggish (call it 2 ) growth and persistently high, increasingly structural (and therefore protracted) unemployment.

But, while risk aversion and volatility were falling and asset prices were rising, economic growth remained sluggish throughout the world.

The world s largest economy, the United States, expanded by 3.2 , and growth also recovered in previously sluggish Japan and Europe.

The combination of loose fiscal policy and tight monetary policy will mean high interest rates, sluggish investment, and slow growth.

In 2000 2010, after decades of sluggish growth, six of the world s ten fastest growing economies were in sub Saharan Africa.

Growth ultimately depends on supply side factors investment in and acquisition of new technologies and the stock of technologies that can be adopted by poor countries does not disappear when advanced countries growth is sluggish.

Until both are addressed properly, the West will remain burdened by sluggish growth, persistently high unemployment, and excessive income and wealth inequality.

Yet US economic growth remains sluggish, and is accompanied by stubbornly high unemployment. QE has been blamed for everything from asset price bubbles to food riots to impetigo.

Moreover, the problem is not just one of public debt. A much higher ratio of taxes to GDP only trades a deficit problem for more sluggish economic growth.

Faced with sluggish external demand, weak domestic consumption, rising labor costs, and low productivity, China depends excessively on investment to drive economic growth.

With a baseline scenario of recession or sluggish growth amid budget austerity for years ahead, Portugal will likely seek help sooner rather than later.

After all, more than 20 years of unusually sluggish trend growth in Japanese output has sharply reduced its incremental impact on the broader global economy.

This raises the question of whether Japan s current problems sluggish growth, high public debt, and rapid population aging presage a similar trend across East Asia.

Instead, Western central banks have had to confront market failures, fragmented financial systems, clogged monetary policy transmission mechanisms, and sluggish growth in output and employment.

This year, however, output is expected to rise by a relatively sluggish 5.9 .

Yet the absence of any such growth windfall in a still sluggish US economy has unmasked QE as little more than a yield seeking liquidity foil.

Now, however, closer economic integration means that sluggish growth in China and India will reduce job opportunities and slow the rate of poverty reduction throughout the region.

Second, if the extreme weakness in the second quarter is followed by a return to a sluggish growth rate of around 2 in the third quarter, the Fed could declare that it is observing the pick up in growth that it has said is necessary to justify the beginning of tapering.

She has yet to deal with the major problems of the day financial instability, Europe s sluggish growth, the Middle East and she cannot avoid them during her campaign.

A slowdown in one is bound to produce a slowdown in the other and in the major emerging economies, which, until now, could sustain high growth in the face of sluggish performance in the advanced economies.

Chinese policymakers should bear in mind that the value of the yuan is only one among many factors that affects the competitiveness of China s economy. After all, a currency can appreciate while an economy is sluggish, or depreciate despite robust growth.

Unfortunately, economic performance was sluggish in 2000 and 2001 (zero growth in 2000, and estimates between 1.0 1.4 in 2001, largely attributed to slight increases in tourism, banking, industry, and construction).

But average GDP growth rates in the new members are twice as high as in the original members, and this can provide a welcome stimulus to stagnant labor markets and sluggish economies.

Even if that is true, proponents might argue, investment in green jobs is nonetheless a good way to stimulate a sluggish economy.

Already facing sluggish growth before fiscal austerity set in, the so called PIGS (Portugal, Ireland, Greece, and Spain) face the prospect of a lost decade much as Latin America experienced in the 1980 s.

So, not surprisingly, they have provoked excitement in some circles that the US may finally be poised to leave behind the depressing trio of unusually sluggish growth, persistently high unemployment, and high and growing inequality.

Given the sluggish recovery, Bernanke could have gone even further and argued that the Fed is the one who has it right.

The distortions and distributional issues are set to become more pressing as the size and impact of the major emerging economies increases, owing to their return to rapid growth, and as the advanced countries experience an extended period of sluggish performance.

Unfortunately, since the debt crisis in early 1980, the external environment of African countries had experienced a rapid deterioration, with major blows to manufacturing industries, sluggish investment, an increasing debt burden, limited improvement of infrastructure, product diversification and income growth.

that you won't be sluggish, but imitators of those who through faith and patience inherited the promises.

The G 7 recovery has been unusually sluggish, notwithstanding large and unprecedented policy stimulus (particularly in the US).

Sluggish economic activity has increased the rate of urban unemployment to an estimated 34 of the labor force.

Slow growth is manageable. Negative growth is not.

Those days are gone. The distortions and distributional issues are set to become more pressing as the size and impact of the major emerging economies increases, owing to their return to rapid growth, and as the advanced countries experience an extended period of sluggish performance.

On the demand side, the ongoing economic slowdown in China is starting to affect companies orders and revenues, adding to the challenges stemming from the persistently sluggish US economy.

Having suffered a deeper economic collapse in 2009 than the United States did, Europe s economy is poised for a much more sluggish recovery if one can call it that.

Of course, it is not easy to legislate financial reform in a stagnant global economy, for fear of impeding credit and turning a sluggish recovery into a full blown recession.

If weak global demand causes the current commodity super cycle s downswing to be as sharp as those of the post 1918 period and the late twentieth century, the world should be prepared for sluggish economic growth and a significant slowdown or even the end of income convergence worldwide.