After all, steel companies have an inherent need to hedge against fluctuations in the price of iron ore, just as airlines and utilities have an inherent need to hedge against fluctuations in the price of oil.

Regional cooperation to create an oil reserve to reduce oil price fluctuations may also be worth investigating.

At present, most of these revenues ( 1 1.5 billion per year, depending on price fluctuations) come from Thailand.

A quantitative easing policy in which a central bank buys risky assets can prevent price fluctuations and restore the value of financial wealth.

Our proposal to reduce but not eliminate swings from parity recognizes that price fluctuations may be crucial for markets to ascertain the price of assets with an uncertain payoff.

It is therefore vulnerable to price fluctuations, and has to follow the lead of Saudi Arabia and other big OPEC producers.

A larger domestic market encourages diversification of the national economy, reducing dependence on exports of natural resources and, in turn, exposure to global price fluctuations.

Most such countries were dependent on only a few commodities, which exposed them to external shocks produced by international price fluctuations and a decline in terms of trade.

That belief can be traced to prevailing economic theory concerning the causes of asset price instability a theory that accounts for risk and asset price fluctuations as if the future followed mechanically from the past.

The connection between financial risk and asset price swings emerges from the use of a new approach Imperfect Knowledge Economics (IKE) to understanding risk and fluctuations in asset markets.

Those that did appear generally seem to be based on the assumption that minor fluctuations in construction costs, not massive market swings, drove the modest home price movements that they noted.

While a number of initiatives exist to address these problems, encourage diversification and reduce vulnerability to commodity price fluctuations, support for them has fallen far short of what is necessary.

Tobin was concerned about excessive fluctuations in exchange rates.

Accounting for exchange rate fluctuations

Reserve for exchange rate fluctuations 1,840.8

(n) Reserve for exchange rate fluctuations

Additional expenditures deriving from inflation and currency fluctuations

Fluctuations in exchange markets result in gains and losses in the purchasing power of reserves.

Gold is also a poor hedge against currency fluctuations.

a Including estimated provision for inflation and currency fluctuations.

The increasingly dynamic environment in which UNDP operates resulted in fluctuations within each major expenditure category.

The global steel market has historically been marked by cyclical fluctuations.

The inflammatory response to bisphosphonates or fluctuations in calcium blood levels have been suggested as possible mechanisms.

The Monterrey Consensus stressed that for many developing countries, particularly the poorest, which rely on a few commodity products, there is also a supply side problem which manifests itself in a lack of capacity to diversify exports, a vulnerability to price fluctuations and a steady decline in terms of trade.

With all these contradictory forces at work we can expect wild currency fluctuations.

This value can be calculated independently from the detailed structure of CMB fluctuations.

This technique relies on the relaxation or decay of concentration (or density) fluctuations.

On the other hand, dollar oscillations increase costs and uncertainties that are associated with fluctuations in exchange rates.

If Russia continues on its current path toward becoming solely a raw materials producer, it will not only become increasingly vulnerable to global energy price fluctuations, but its scientific, cultural, and educational potential will decay further, eventually stripping the country of its global clout.

Options for dealing with exchange rate fluctuations Following the COP request to protect the budget from adverse effects of exchange rate fluctuations, the secretariat has consulted other international organizations on measures taken to that end.

Consequently, such excessive fluctuations have been viewed as a symptom of market participants irrationality.

Agriculture in Africa is susceptible to climatic fluctuations, especially droughts which can reduce the amount of food produced locally.

Currency fluctuations and inflation need to be taken into account in order to arrive at a real growth figure.

Then they set the price of liquidity as an administered price in normal times.

(c) Conversion rates based on market exchange rates, except where that would cause excessive fluctuations and distortions in the income of some Member States, when price adjusted rates of exchange or other appropriate conversion rates should be employed, taking due account of General Assembly resolution 46 221 B of 21 December 1991

Increase in price of petrol.

Apart from wood, gold and diamonds, agricultural production is subject to the vagaries of climate and fluctuations in world commodity prices.

The report provides details on the methodology used in the recosting of exchange rate fluctuations and inflation (A 60 599, paras.

It wished to know what measures the Secretariat would take to prevent the serious fluctuations in vacancy rates at duty stations in Africa.

But it s theoretical nihilism, Cochrane argues, to ascribe these excessive fluctuations to irrationality as Krugman does.

Biomass (along with hydropower) can be used to smooth the fluctuations inherent to wind and solar.

China has sustained rapid economic growth for 30 years without significant fluctuations or interruption so far.

The Price of Oil in 2015

The cost of buying protection against fluctuations in the euro dollar exchange rate declined last month to its lowest level in nearly five years.

Rather than trying to hit precise numerical targets, whether for inflation or unemployment, policymaking in this mode attempts to dampen excessive fluctuations.