The global steel market has historically been marked by cyclical fluctuations.

Accounting for exchange rate fluctuations

Reserve for exchange rate fluctuations 1,840.8

(n) Reserve for exchange rate fluctuations

Surely, today s low volatility is partly cyclical.

Additional expenditures deriving from inflation and currency fluctuations

China s economic problems are more structural than cyclical.

Gold is also a poor hedge against currency fluctuations.

Tobin was concerned about excessive fluctuations in exchange rates.

a Including estimated provision for inflation and currency fluctuations.

To understand why, let s start with the cyclical recovery.

Nowadays, however, a cyclical collapse comes as a great surprise.

Unfortunately, current policy is justified in terms of pro market effectively pro cyclical choices. But it is counter cyclical efforts, institutions, and instruments that are sorely needed instead.

But the US is not suffering from a temporary, cyclical malady.

Central banks can play an important role in a cyclical downturn.

Those who never experience depression also experience cyclical changes in mood.

FLORENCE The nineteenth century was mesmerized by the cyclical behavior of business.

But there is also a cyclical element to the flowering of finance.

This consolidation could help the industry to weather cyclical downturns more effectively.

With all these contradictory forces at work we can expect wild currency fluctuations.

This value can be calculated independently from the detailed structure of CMB fluctuations.

This technique relies on the relaxation or decay of concentration (or density) fluctuations.

Kenen was mainly concerned with short term transfers to smooth out cyclical bumpiness.

The overdraft facility could again be financed with counter cyclical issues of SDRs.

For nothing converts cyclical unemployment into structural unemployment more certainly than prolonged unemployment.

There is some indication of the cyclical and inter generational nature of neglect.

Options for dealing with exchange rate fluctuations Following the COP request to protect the budget from adverse effects of exchange rate fluctuations, the secretariat has consulted other international organizations on measures taken to that end.

Consequently, such excessive fluctuations have been viewed as a symptom of market participants irrationality.

After all, steel companies have an inherent need to hedge against fluctuations in the price of iron ore, just as airlines and utilities have an inherent need to hedge against fluctuations in the price of oil.

Policy harmonization, rather than separation, seems to be the key to happy cyclical endings.

Unfortunately, current policy is justified in terms of pro market effectively pro cyclical choices.

But it is counter cyclical efforts, institutions, and instruments that are sorely needed instead.

Energy policy has been pro cyclical the opposite of saving for a rainy day.

However, these flows tend to be more volatile than official flows and pro cyclical.

Fluctuations in exchange markets result in gains and losses in the purchasing power of reserves.

The guidelines correctly emphasize that these regulations should complement, not replace, counter cyclical macroeconomic policies.

For now, the Chinese economy, having received its cyclical dose of stimulus, should be okay.

The EU does not have a robust centralized fiscal structure with a counter cyclical mandate.

But it s theoretical nihilism, Cochrane argues, to ascribe these excessive fluctuations to irrationality as Krugman does.

Biomass (along with hydropower) can be used to smooth the fluctuations inherent to wind and solar.

China has sustained rapid economic growth for 30 years without significant fluctuations or interruption so far.

The increasingly dynamic environment in which UNDP operates resulted in fluctuations within each major expenditure category.

Of course, no one would deny that there are cyclical elements in the downturn of 2008.

Nearly all unemployment in a cyclical downturn was the result of the failure of investment demand.

Thus, such controls are ineffective in reducing short term cyclical pressure on the currency to appreciate.