Land under cultivation is 68 per cent of the total and fields are 32 per cent.

Cultivation, production and manufacture

The total surface of land under cultivation in Bosnia and Herzegovina is 2.5 million hectares, or 50 per cent of the country's territory there is 0.7 hectares per capita.

Thousands of deaths and injuries had been caused by those landmines and other explosive remnants of war, which had also prevented the reclamation and cultivation of extensive areas of Libyan land.

Regarding efforts to eradicate cannabis cultivation, a number of countries were reported to be studying cannabis cultivation and its socio economic impact and assessing the feasibility of implementing alternative development programmes to tackle illicit cannabis cultivation.

This is attributable largely to public investment in rural infrastructure, and, in the initial period, to institutional changes in agrarian production organization and an egalitarian distribution of land cultivation rights.

59 160. Control of cultivation of and trafficking in cannabis

The decline in cultivation is important and encouraging and was a result of the compliance of Afghanistan's farmers with the Government's anti cultivation messages or eradication policy.

It was noted that alternative development would be appropriate if there was a clear threat of overflow of cultivation from other major areas affected by illicit crop cultivation.

Since the first reporting period, the States affected by illicit cultivation of coca bush and opium poppy have adopted national plans to reduce and eventually eliminate such cultivation.

In 2003, coca bush cultivation was less than half of its level in 1994. With regard to cannabis cultivation, further efforts by the international community are urgently needed.

With record production of an estimated 4,200 tons of opium in Afghanistan, UNODC's 2004 opium cultivation survey registered a 64 per cent increase in the area under cultivation in that country.

Rapid cultivation assessments in February 2005, however, indicated a general decrease in cultivation, apparently linked to lower opium prices and non planting in some regions.

Other areas of critical concern include the cultivation of and trade in narcotics.

With regard to the comments of the representative of Pakistan concerning UNODC estimates of cultivation and trafficking, he pointed out that UNODC was currently monitoring cultivation in approximately one dozen countries around the world.

The cultivation of benevolence ( mettā bhāvanā ) is a popular form of meditation in Buddhism.

The Special Rapporteur is concerned to note that ceasefire groups have also allegedly insisted upon forced labour by the civilian population for tasks including clearing tracts through the jungle and preparing land for crop cultivation.

This was in part due to the reduction of coca bush cultivation in Colombia.

A number of representatives reported on efforts to eradicate cannabis cultivation in their countries.

Some speakers expressed concern about the increased level of opium poppy cultivation in Afghanistan.

Some speakers expressed concern about the increased level of opium poppy cultivation in Afghanistan.

Good progress has also been made in eliminating coca bush cultivation.

Regarding the eradication of illicit coca bush cultivation, considerable progress had been made by 2003, the last year for which complete figures were available, when illicit coca bush cultivation was less than half of its level in 1994.

Illicit cultivation continues to be intricately related to poverty in rural areas.

A rapid assessment survey undertaken by the United Nations Office of Drugs and Crime in March 2005 suggested a decline in cultivation in 2005 in contrast to the record levels of more than 131,000 hectares under cultivation in 2004.

The cultivation of illicit drug crops remains a serious impediment to the sustainable development of some countries.

Small scale illicit cultivation of cannabis occurs in a large number of African and Middle Eastern countries.

Another example of Middle Jeulmun cultivation is found at Jitam ri (Chitam ni) in North Korea.

Moreover, while certain efforts by the Government of Afghanistan have resulted in the reduction of opium cultivation in some regions traditionally famous for opium production, opium cultivation has increased in the regions bordering my country, especially in the Farah province.

The main countries affected by illicit opium poppy and coca bush cultivation continued to make good progress towards the reduction and elimination of illicit crops. Excluding Afghanistan, the total area under illicit opium poppy cultivation worldwide in 2004 amounted to 32 per cent of the total area under such cultivation in 1994, while potential opium production in 2004 amounted to 29 per cent of that in 1994.

We also endorse the efforts made by the Government of Afghanistan and the international community to end poppy cultivation, to build relevant judicial and police capacity and to provide sustainable alternative livelihoods for those engaged in poppy cultivation.

The Special Rapporteur welcomes the steady and remarkable reduction in opium poppy cultivation.

Meanwhile, the benefits of GM crop cultivation include higher yields, lower use of chemical pesticides, and biofuel production.

Reference was made to the annual surveys conducted by UNODC of opium poppy and coca bush cultivation.

The cultivation of different energy crops will in future enrich crop rotation and hence improve plant diversity.

However, policies to replace pastoralism with sedentary cultivation in rangelands can contribute to desertification.

CHAPTER VII TECHNICAL COOPERATION IN OLIVE CULTIVATION, OLIVE OIL EXTRACTION AND TABLE OLIVE PROCESSING

Such technical cooperation shall encompass olive cultivation, olive oil extraction and table olive processing.

Considerably more assistance needs to reach farmers directly as a disincentive for poppy cultivation.

Further, in 2005, initial illicit crop cultivation surveys were conducted for Ecuador and Venezuela.

In terms of cultivation eradication, around 5,100 hectares, or 5 per cent of the total crop, have been eradicated.

A number of speakers referred to the need to implement alternative development plans to address illicit cannabis cultivation.

Responses were received from all countries where significant illicit coca bush cultivation takes place (Bolivia, Colombia and Peru) and from the majority of those where illicit opium poppy cultivation takes place (Afghanistan, Colombia, the Lao People's Democratic Republic, Mexico, Myanmar and Viet Nam).

A project to enhance intelligence capacity was started in 2005 and UNODC also gave Pakistan early warning about the re emergence of opium poppy cultivation in the North West Frontier and Baluchistan Provinces, which led to the eradication of 41 per cent of the new cultivation.

Success will also require more funds for reconstruction, development, and alternatives to opium poppy cultivation.