(Trust or finance?) a play on words on the wall of the Santander Bank, photograph by Neorrabioso.

Indeed, Deutsche Bank has already stopped participating in refinancing operations.

In February 1942 in Japan, laws were passed establishing the Wartime Finance Bank and the Southern Development Bank.

The public finance of Ecuador consists of the Central Bank of Ecuador (BCE), the National Development Bank (BNF), the State Bank, the National Finance Corporation, the Ecuadorian Housing Bank (BEV) and the Ecuadorian Educational Loans and Grants.

Since 2003, over 16 new banks have opened in the country, including Afghanistan International Bank, Kabul Bank, Azizi Bank, Pashtany Bank, Standard Chartered Bank, and First Micro Finance Bank.

The impact would be to require a bank carrying out retail activities in the UK to put them in a separately capitalized subsidiary.

Direct or indirect monetary financing of budget deficits used to rank among the gravest sins that a central bank could commit.

And it is difficult to deny that the Fed should take a close interest in the funding strategies of foreign banks operating in the US.

But no European politician would really want to put serious money on the line for the likes of Deutsche Bank or BNP Paribas governments will not force recapitalization using public funds.

According to the Modigliani Miller theorem, the mix of debt and equity that it uses to finance its assets does not alter its average cost of financing.

In the name of internationalization, BNDES funding for Brazilian enterprises overseas increased 1185 percent in ten years, according to a study by Ibase.

In managing the 2008 crisis, foreign banks dependence on US dollar funding constituted a major weakness, and required the provision of large swap lines by the Federal Reserve.

The Fed s efforts in the past three years to stabilize banks and other parts of finance have no doubt been motivated in large part by this insight.

The aim, he added, should be to create an environment in which Europe s finance ministers never need to consider a direct recapitalization of a bank by the European Stability Mechanism.

The Spanish government was about to nationalize Bankia, the country s fourth largest bank, but could not say where it would obtain the funds to recapitalize it.

Europe s political leaders need to recognize that now is the time to facilitate change in Iran by suspending export credit guarantees, stopping EIB financing, and speaking with a united voice.

Almaty is home to BTA Bank, which is the largest bank in Central Asia, Kazkommertsbank and other major banks.

The following year, Vneshtorgbank purchased a controlling stake in the privatized United Georgian Bank, Georgia s third largest.

The African Development Bank s capital was increased by 200 , as was the Asian Development Bank s.

Indeed, the Asian Development Bank estimates that European banks fund about 9 of total domestic credit in developing Asia three times the share of financing provided by banks based in the United States.

Practitioners in the first group idolize NGO leaders like Mohammad Yunus, whose Grameen Bank pioneered microfinance, and Ela Bhatt, a founder of India s Self Employment Women s Association (SEWA).

Where the Bank of Japan has now led, the Fed should follow.

In September 1974, the country's first commercial trading bank, the Bank of Tonga, opened.

The European Central Bank has lowered its main refinancing rate eight times, by a total of 325 basis points, to 0.75 . The Bank of Japan has twice lowered its interest rate, which now stands at 0.1 .

This would reestablish monetary sovereignty and create a normal central bank (like the Federal Reserve or the Bank of England) at the European level.

With dollar financing by the Federal Reserve available to large institutions, the Fed became the equivalent of a world central bank.

In 1963, the Bank of Libya took over from the National Bank and issued notes in the same denominations.

The extended web of finance as it existed in the summer of 2008 was the result of millions of calculations that the US government did, in fact, guarantee the unsecured debt of every very large bank and bank like entity in America.

A Radioactive Bank to be Welcomed

Fighting the Fed

Grameen vs. Bangladesh

The Bank of England s Knockout Artist

The original name the Bank of Canada (commercial) was a private bank and was renamed the Canadian Bank of Commerce.

The Spider of Finance

Funding and Resources

Funding targets

Financing

Financial situation of the Fund

Funding

On 7 November 1917 the State Bank was disestablished and was succeeded by the People's Bank of the RSFSR (until 1922) and State Bank of the USSR (until 1991).

As of 2014 it is the second largest bank in India in terms of assets and market capitalization.

The Fed Under Fire

The Fed s Communication Breakdown

The Fed s Dollar Distraction

The BIS Bashers