First, local governments influence a large proportion of investment decisions.

Profitability index (PI), also known as profit investment ratio (PIR) and value investment ratio (VIR), is the ratio of payoff to investment of a proposed project.

Maintaining a competitive currency requires a rise in domestic saving relative to investment, or a reduction in national expenditure relative to income.

This did not work very well, because investment was constrained by deficient domestic aggregate demand relative to capacity.

Also driving China s high investment rate is the declining efficiency of investment capital, reflected in China s high incremental capital output ratio (annual investment divided by annual output growth).

While the increase in investment reduced the saving GDP ratio, the resulting increase in imports lowered the trade surplus GDP ratio.

As a result of the increased investment in girls' education, and greater parental awareness of the importance of educating girls, the literacy rate among women was 94 per cent, and women continued to outnumber men in terms of school enrolment.

Selected cases of Singapore enterprises revealed that a significant proportion of their revenues and assets were related to OFDI activities. Two thirds of the Singapore firms surveyed confirmed that OFDI had increased their competitiveness.

While this represents a mere 5 per cent of the global stock of outward FDI, it corresponds to about 50 per cent of the stock of FDI from developing countries.

Given that the urbanization ratio is still quite low, at 48 , a relatively high investment in infrastructure may be sustained for a long time.

Some 47 per cent of OFDI in 1990 came from this sector.

While normal banks need an equity asset ratio of at least 7 , investment banks typically operated on a ratio of only 4 .

An economy in which profits from investment are high relative to the growth rate is an economy that is under saving and under investing.

A significant proportion of OFDI from Singapore, however, originates from Singapore based affiliates of foreign TNCs.

Liberia has the highest ratio of foreign direct investment to GDP in the world, with US 16 billion in investment since 2006.

In certain industries, such as construction and business services, the share of developing countries reached more than 15 per cent of world FDI stock (annex table).

a reversal of the country s now rising income inequality lowering the very high savings level relative to investment and thus reducing the current account surplus

During this plan period, UNICEF will seek to increase the ratio of investment in learning from the current 1.4 per cent of staff post costs to 2 per cent.

Since then, China s ICOR has more than doubled, demonstrating the need for significantly more investment to generate an additional unit of output.

By contrast, China had a fixed investment rate of 41.7 of GDP and a savings rate of 51.9 , reflected in a large surplus.

This ramification is highlighted by the consistently high domestic absorption (private and public consumption and investment expenditures to GDP ratio) and the allocation switch from investment to consumption.

According to the NAR, investment buyers account for another 23 of home sales, bringing second home purchases to 36 of the total.

Broadly speaking, capital inflows led to real revaluation and a lower domestic savings rate relative to investment in the southern countries, resulting in structural current account deficits.

Viet Nam urged developed countries to adopt policies to encourage investment in developing countries in a more even handed manner and to honour their commitment to the target of 0.7 per cent by 2015.

The Government would be following up on the implementation of the recommendations of the IPR, which related to modernizing the FDI entry regime, strengthening Board of Investment (BOI) core functions and reforming the tax regime on investment.

Singapore's OFDI to Malaysia declined from 60 per cent in 1981 to 17 per cent in 1996 and 8 per cent in 2003.

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Front loaded public investment could be funded through an enhanced European Investment Bank.

Second, investment in real estate development accounts for nearly one quarter of the total.

This agency acts as a one stop shop and as the focal point for investment promotion activities.

It was also reported that UNCTAD had carried out an assessment of the investment promotion capacity of the national investment promotion agency (Agence Nationale de Développement de l'Investissement).

This is reflected in the current investment ratio for real capital assets of 43 of GDP, compared to 4.3 investment in human capital in the form of education.

A large proportion of real estate OFDI went to Europe (about 60 per cent), contributed by major hotel and property investments made by leading Singaporean firms.

Overall pressure ratio is 28.0, with a bypass ratio of 4.66.

Rather than securing investment for productive sectors of the economy, the financial industry has become adept at securing investment in itself.

Investment policies should extend to both domestic and foreign direct investment.

Mr. Darmawan Djajusman, Director of Investment Deregulation, Investment Coordinating Board, Indonesia

Aspect ratio

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Custom ratio

The investment policy reviews and investment guides produced by UNCTAD had been valuable in improving the investment policy environment in those countries.

In Viet Nam, education was considered the foundation for the economic empowerment of women.

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