Effective management links land and water uses across the whole of a catchment area or groundwater aquifer.

The territorial competence of such authorities with respect to groundwater management should not necessarily be limited to either administrative boundaries or catchment areas but should allow for encompassing, as appropriate, management of aquifers in their entirety.

Specific support will focus on community management of local water resources, including rainwater harvesting (for use by households and schools, and groundwater recharge), micro watershed management and operational research.

Many Parties reported on options to increase domestic water supply these included prospecting for, and extraction of, deep groundwater, increasing storage capacity by building reservoirs and dams, and improving watershed management.

Under this topic, the Commission is now focusing for the time being on codification of the law on transboundary groundwaters (aquifers and aquifer systems).

c. Assessing the impacts on groundwater and aquifers of industrial, agricultural, and other activities and

The boundaries of these new regions are based on catchment basins.

In allocating groundwater resources, account should be taken of the amount of groundwater in reserve and of the rate of its replenishment.

Concerning the topic Effects of armed conflicts on treaties , the Commission considered the first report of the Special Rapporteur on the topic (A CN.4 552), presenting an overview of

(xii) Charter on Groundwater Management, 1989, adopted by the Economic Commission for Europe at its forty fourth session, Groundwater strategies

Moreover, most water resources used in the Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia (ESCWA) region, both surface water and groundwater, are shared by several riparian countries.

The Government's water sources are groundwater and surface water (Ugum River).

Protection measures aimed at prevention of groundwater pollution and overuse should be the basic tools for groundwater management.

(v) Article 9 of the Agreement on the Protection, Utilization and Recharge of the Franco Swiss Genevese Aquifer, 1977, Limitations

Monitoring groundwater levels, pressures, and quality

Salinization and depletion of groundwater resources Jordan seeks compensation in the amount of USD 1,465,565,462 for the salinization and depletion of its groundwater resources.

Kuwait was awarded compensation to remediate the aquifers.

(viii) Section IV of the Charter on Groundwater Management, 1989, adopted by the Economic Commission for Europe at its forty fourth session, Groundwater allocation

(a) Their practice, bilateral or regional, relating to the allocation of groundwaters from transboundary aquifer systems and the management of non renewable transboundary aquifer systems relating to the topic currently entitled Shared natural resources

In order to comply with this Chapter, States shall take all appropriate steps to acquire the information necessary to manage groundwater and aquifers efficiently and effectively, including

b. Developing aquifer vulnerability maps

First claim unit Groundwater resources Jordan seeks compensation in the amount of USD 1,771,413,994 for this claim unit.

Groundwater means all water which is below the surface of the ground in the saturation zone and in direct contact with the ground or subsoil.

However, sustainable use of groundwater resources would require regulatory regimes to control aquifer depletion and protect water quality, for which monitoring and enforcement capacities would need to be developed or enhanced.

For each declared Transboundary Groundwater Conservation Area, the Commission shall prepare a Comprehensive Management Plan for the rational development, use, protection and control of the waters in the Transboundary Groundwater Conservation Area.

(7) the protection of surface and groundwaters against depletion and pollution

(k) Additional specific measures are taken to prevent the pollution of groundwaters

Fifth claim unit Monitoring of groundwater resources Iran seeks compensation in the amount of USD 1,056,000 for expenses of proposed measures to collect and analyse samples from springs, wells, qanats and rivers that have been damaged by contamination from the oil well fires in Kuwait.

Loss of groundwater due to microbiological contamination Jordan seeks compensation in the amount of USD 11,365,977 for the loss of use of groundwater resources in the Qairawan, Baqouriyeh, Shoreya'a, Hazzir and Wadi As Sir springs due to microbiological contamination as a result of the presence of refugees in Jordan following Iraq's invasion and occupation of Kuwait.

undertake pilot projects to demonstrate the contribution of forests, for example, Model Forests and watershed management create an improved environment for increased private sector funding.

Groundwater pollution is interrelated with the pollution of other environmental media (surface water, soils, atmosphere).

More emphasis should be given to the nature conservation value provided by groundwater resources, in particular where nature protection areas are vulnerable to changes in groundwater conditions.

Water chemistry analysis is often the groundwork of studies of water quality, pollution, hydrology and geothermal waters.

Third report on shared natural resources transboundary groundwaters

d. Any other measures appropriate to the circumstances of the aquifer.

Finland reported that there are no specific bilateral agreements on the management and use of transboundary aquifers, since the aquifers extending beyond the national border are not used for water supply.

Through its Water Futures Partnership, the company has identified which of its facilities are located in areas facing water security risks and has created partnerships in the local watersheds to address these risks.

(ii) Article 10, paragraph 1 of the Arrangement on the Protection, Utilization and Recharge of the Franco Swiss Genevese Aquifer, 1977, Forecasts Reserved water volumes

Aquifer means a subsurface layer or layers of rock or other geological strata of sufficient porosity and permeability to allow either a significant flow of groundwater or the abstraction of significant quantities of groundwater.

It shares the Kalahari and Karoo aquifers with Namibia, Zimbabwe and South Africa.

(iii) Article 6 of the Bellagio Draft Agreement concerning the Use of Transboundary Groundwaters, 1989, Water quality protection

(xi) Article VI of the Bellagio Draft Agreement concerning the Use of Transboundary Groundwaters, 1989, Water quality protection

GIWA focused on environmental aspects of water, comprising surface and ground waters as well as coastal and marine waters.

The Contracting Parties shall strive at achieving the goals of a sustainable and equitable water management, including the conservation, improvement and the rational use of surface waters and groundwater in the catchment area as far as possible.

As groundwater should be recognized as a natural resource with economic and ecological value, groundwater strategies should aim at the sustainable use of groundwater and preservation of its quality.