Subject matter Rights of reindeer herders with respect to logging operations undertaken by the State party

The authors argue that the impact of logging operations are long term, practically permanent, and that the measures employed create new damage, exacerbate existing damage, and extent the area affected by logging.

10.3 The authors and the State party disagree on the effects of the logging in the areas in question.

6.5 On proposed further logging in Paadarskaidi, the Committee noted the authors' contention that no claim before the Finnish courts seeking to prevent logging taking place had been successful.

The authors allege that the principal cause of this decline in winter pastures, and particularly of horsehair lichen pastures, are the logging operations.

The Ministry's decisions to reduce the Herdsmen's Committee's herd does not substantiate any claim of the effects of individual logging operations.

In the past few years, logging operations have mainly been carried out for the purposes of thinning forests to ensure proper growth.

There is no proof that the effects of the earlier logging operations were more serious than foreseen at the time.

8.6 As to the effects of logging, the authors refer to several investigations, studies and Committee reports which have been prepared since the previous Länsman case, and which purportedly attest to the substantial damage caused by the logging operations.

U.S. Forest Service Ax Manual

In the State party's view, due care was exercised for all logging operations carried out in State owned forests in northern Finland.

Illegal logging crews number 200 or more.

These elements are said to be satisfied, since the State party itself recognizes that the effects have been more serious, while it continues both to log and to plan further logging.

At the same time that logging proceeds, reindeer numbers have been reduced because the pastures still available cannot support the previous number of reindeer.

In view of the total surface of forest areas, both the logging operations carried out and the planned ones are less extensive than those carried out in private forests in the area.

This means that the effects of logging also extend beyond the areas that are actually managed.

An inventory of Alectoria lichen was conducted in the territory of the Lapland Herdsman's Committee in 1999 to 2000, in which it confirmed that the incidence of Alectoria lichen in the logged forest areas is very low, and that logging operations cause considerable harm to reindeer husbandry.

They have detailed the State party's plans to continue logging despite the Committee's earlier Views.

While reindeer owners have required the National Forest and Park Service to terminate forestry activities in the land areas administered by the Committee, they did not reduce their own logging operations.

The ongoing and increasing logging of fine lichen forests increases the necessity of providing fodder and threatens the economic self sustainability of reindeer husbandry, as husbandry depends on the reindeer being able to sustain themselves.

The Carriers were also a large family, primarily working at logging in the region.

After logging, logging waste prevents reindeer grazing and compacted snow hampers digging.

Accordingly, the Committee held the issues arising from the proposal to log this area to be admissible.

3.5 Despite the recent reductions in reindeer herds, the National Forest Park Service continues to conduct logging operations, destroying the Herdsmen's Committee's pastures, and further deteriorating husbandry conditions.

So policymakers need to provide them with an incentive not to.

Disagreements among different levels of government have contributed to uncontrolled logging and degradation of forestlands.

45 (c)). The issue of illegal logging has become increasingly prominent in the international policy agenda.

For the State party, the Ministry's decision on the permitted number of reindeer does not alone constitute any substantiated evidence of the effects of certain individual loggings, but rather of the effects of the high numbers of reindeer kept in herds.

8.3 As to the logging operations undertaken in the entire territory, the authors submit that the territory covered by the Herdsmen's Committee is not homogeneous forest but is made up of different types of grazing land.

6.7 On 1 April 2003, the Committee declared the communication admissible insofar as it relates to the cumulative effects on the exercise by Jouni and Eino Länsman of their rights under article 27 of the Covenant arising from the logging that had taken place in the Pyhäjärvi, Kirkko outa and Paadarskaidi areas, along with the proposed logging in Kippalrova.

Employment is up in health care, Internet related businesses, and perhaps in logging and mining.

In October 2003, the National Forest and Park Service announced that logging will take place there in the near future.

If, on the other hand, the aim is to engage in reindeer husbandry based purely on natural pastures, then loggings even those notified as relatively mild will be of greater significance for reindeer husbandry that is already in difficulties for other reasons .

The Shield is covered in parts by vast boreal forests in the south that support natural ecosystems as well as a major logging industry.

Overview Illegal logging is a pervasive problem, causing enormous damage to forests, local communities and to the economies of producer countries.

Substantive issues Extent to which logging may be carried out by State authorities before it will be considered to violate the rights of reindeer herders

The Committee considered that the State party had not demonstrated, on the information supplied, what domestic remedies might be available to the authors seeking compensation or to obtain another appropriate remedy for an alleged violation of article 27 by virtue of logging that has already taken place.

8.2 The authors contest the State party's denial that it intends to carry out logging in Kippalrova and provides a map which it purports to prove otherwise.

Turkey stated that the refugees first cut standing trees and subsequently uprooted stumps, causing deterioration of forest root systems.

7.8 As to the effects of logging on reindeer herding, the State party notes that it has not been shown that the effects of the earlier logging operations were more than anticipated. Nor was it shown that logging operations would create long lasting harm preventing the authors from continuing reindeer herding in the area at its present extent.

Since the logging operations, the access of reindeer to winter food has become more susceptible to other variations in the Pyhäjärvi, and Kirkko outa areas, including those arising from natural phenomena, such as heavy snow cover, delays in the arrival of spring and an increase in predators, especially wolves.

Using an oxy fuel cutting torch to separate a plate of steel into smaller pieces is an example of burning.

It had occurred on land, in rainforests of South America and Africa, where landowners had been paid not to cut the trees down.

Accordingly, the Committee considered that the question of the effects, in terms of article 27, of logging in the Paadarskaidi already carried out was admissible.

It has three main objectives control of illegal logging, control of forest fire, and rehabilitation and reforestation of degraded lands.