Also driving China s high investment rate is the declining efficiency of investment capital, reflected in China s high incremental capital output ratio (annual investment divided by annual output growth).

The result is an increase in the cost of capital to firms, which lowers investment and exacerbates the crisis.

As in continental Europe, productivity has suffered from a combination of insufficient profitability and dysfunctional capital markets.

To manage exorbitant demand for financial and physical assets, China s leaders must address its root cause the low cost of capital.

In 2003 the government of Hugo Chávez implemented currency controls after capital flight led to a devaluation of the currency.

Because investment is so low, net capital exports from Germany are nearly 4 of GDP.

Initial capital

Judging by low stock prices and high capital outflows, investors were already betting against high growth rates.

As above, firm value is enhanced when, and if, the return on capital exceeds the cost of capital.

With a lower capital stock, output would trend downward, reducing government revenues and substantially offsetting the direct gain from the tax.

The Art of Capital Flight

Damming Capital

The Capital Flow Conundrum

Capital flows and remittances

E. Financial capital and resilience

The portion of capital inflows that is not re exported represents net capital inflows.

The Siren Song of Capital Controls

Investment and private flows

(o) Working Capital Fund

Brazil has been aggressive in terms of capital restrictions, twice increasing its tax on financial inflows.

व श व क प ज क र ख फ र ट यर क ओर

Jacqueline Novogratz on patient capitalism

The reason lies in capital movements.

Finally, there is the path of public capital.

Surviving the Great Capital Flood

Raising capital is expensive.

The Temptation of China s Capital Account

List of tables

Before World War II, venture capital investments (originally known as development capital ) were primarily the domain of wealthy individuals and families.

This is why equity capital held by financial institutions typically is more than twice as expensive as debt capital and why these institutions try to minimize its use.

But, as capital becomes more mobile, relatively immobile workers are bearing more of the burden in the form of lower wages and fewer job opportunities.

Moreover, Li has called upon the banking sector to reinvigorate idle capital and allocate incremental capital more effectively.

Europe s Chimerical Capital Markets Union

Bank Regulation s Capital Mistake

Overexpenditure of small capitalization fees

Encouraging private capital flows and remittances

Advances from the Working Capital Fund

Or perhaps the low cost of international capital will entice the US to absorb some of the world s excess savings, triggering a new period of global expansion.

Political capital means the capital that will improve or enhance the NGOs status, possession or access in the existing political system.

Private capital, which accounts for more than 90 of capital flows to developing economies, will remain the dominant source of long term financing.

South African firms have used their relatively lower cost of capital to invest in other African countries where capital markets were not developed.

Talent versus Capital in the Twenty First Century

What's the capital structure up until this point?

Common Sense on Capital Controls

The United States is emphasizing higher capital requirements.