You all know about embryonic stem cells.

So, embryonic stem cells are really incredible cells.

These factors are extremely important for the efficiency of deriving ES cells.

Pluripotency distinguishes embryonic stem cells from adult stem cells found in adults while embryonic stem cells can generate all cell types in the body, adult stem cells are multipotent and can produce only a limited number of cell types.

These embryos can be harvested for patient matching embryonic stem cells.

So I've studied a lot about stem cells embryonic stem cells are particularly powerful.

Derivation of embryonic stem cells from other animals Embryonic stem cells are derived from the inner cell mass of the early embryo, which are harvested from the donor mother animal.

But the moral controversy surrounding embryonic stem cells the fact that these cells are derived from five day old human embryos has encouraged research into other types of stem cells.

If they are given the right chemical environment these cells have the same ability as embryonic stem cells to develop into many different cell types.

Fetal cells have been documented to persist and multiply in the mother for several decades.

After giving birth, about 50 75 of women carry fetal immune cell lines.

So each of these right here are embryonic stem cells, and

These cells right here are called embryonic stem cells, and probably the first time in this video you're hearing a term that you might recognize.

Embryonic stem cells (ES cells) are pluripotent stem cells derived from the inner cell mass of a blastocyst, an early stage preimplantation embryo.

So, in addition to human ES cell research, many groups are focused on the generation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS cells).

And obviously, the next question is, hey, well, why don't they just call them stem cells as opposed to embryonic stem cells?

In animals it is necessary to ensure that the inserted DNA is present in the embryonic stem cells.

So the debate obviously is when you start an embryonic stem cell line, you are destroying an embryo.

Embryonic stem cells have occupied center stage, chiefly because of their pluripotency that is their ease in differentiating into a variety of different cell types.

Embryonic stem cells have occupied center stage, chiefly because of their pluripotency that is their ease in differentiating into a variety of different cell types.

The other main theory is that fetal cells home to injured or diseased maternal tissue where they act as stem cells and participate in repair.

Geron, just last year, started the first trial using human embryonic stem cells to treat spinal cord injuries.

They all came from one unique embryonic stem cell or what initially was a blastomere.

In common with embryonic stem cells, adult stem cells have the ability to differentiate into more than one cell type, but unlike the former they are often restricted to certain types or lineages .

It is now known that the feeder cells provide leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) and serum provides bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) that are necessary to prevent ES cells from differentiating.

In 1981, embryonic stem cells (ES cells) were independently first derived from mouse embryos by two groups.

But the moral controversy surrounding embryonic stem cells the fact that these cells are derived from five day old human embryos has encouraged research into other types of stem cells.

And here is the limitation adult stem cells are mature cells, and, like mature human beings, these cells are more restricted in their thought and more restricted in their behavior and are unable to give rise to the wide variety of specialized cell types, as embryonic stem cells can .

Gail R. Martin, from the Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, published her paper in December and coined the term Embryonic Stem Cell .

There isn't necessarily this differentiation between these outermost cells and these embryonic, or this embryoblast, or this inner cell mass here.

Since this discovery occurred in 1999, ES cells have become a key tool in the generation of specific chimeric mice.

Neural crest stem cells Hair follicles contain two types of stem cells, one of which appears to represent a remnant of the stem cells of the embryonic neural crest.

So when I talk what embryonic stem cells, I'm talking about the individual blastomeres inside of this embryoblast or inside of this inner cell mass.

We've made a few hits, a few, I think, embryonic discoveries.

In 1998, human embryonic stem cells were first identified, and just nine years later, a group of scientists in Japan were able to take skin cells and reprogram them with very powerful viruses to create a kind of pluripotent stem cell called an induced pluripotent stem cell, or what we refer to as an IPS cell.

This technical achievement would potentially enable scientists to work with new lines of embryonic stem cells derived using public funding in the USA, where federal funding was at the time limited to research using embryonic stem cell lines derived prior to August 2001.

And at that time, stem cell research had gained momentum, following the isolation of the world's first human embryonic stem cells in the 1990s.

We can now reprogram your skin cells to actually act like a pluripotent embryonic stem cell and to utilize those potentially to treat multiple organs in that same patient making your own personalized stem cell lines.

If someone needs a kidney transplant or a heart transplant, maybe in the future, we could take a colony of these embryonic stem cells.

Martin Evans and Matthew Kaufman from the Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge published first in July, revealing a new technique for culturing the mouse embryos in the uterus to allow for an increase in cell number, allowing for the derivation of ES cells from these embryos.

So obviously, there's a huge amount of debate, but now, now you know in this video what people are talking about when they say embryonic stem cells.

They discovered that adult cells, taken from you and me, could be reprogrammed back into embryonic like cells, which they termed IPS cells, or induced pluripotent stem cells.

In 1998, a breakthrough occurred when researchers, led by James Thomson at the University of Wisconsin Madison, first developed a technique to isolate and grow human embryonic stem cells in cell culture.

So at least my take on it is if you're against and I generally don't want to take a side on this, but if you are against research that involves embryonic stem cells because of the destruction of embryos, on that same, I guess, philosophical ground, you should also be against in vitro fertilization because both of these involve the destruction of zygotes.

We're made of cells and stuff between cells.