Titanium metal was not used outside the laboratory until 1932 when William Justin Kroll proved that it could be produced by reducing titanium tetrachloride (TiCl4) with calcium.

Occurrence Titanium is always bonded to other elements in nature.

Rutile is a mineral composed primarily of titanium dioxide, TiO2.

Total reserves of titanium are estimated to exceed 600 million tonnes.

Titanium has occasionally been used in architectural applications the 40 m (131 foot) memorial to Yuri Gagarin, the first man to travel in space, in Moscow (), is made of titanium for the metal's attractive color and association with rocketry.

The isotopes of titanium range in atomic weight from 39.99 u (40Ti) to 57.966 u (58Ti).

The iron can take the form Fe2 or Fe3 , while titanium generally takes the form Ti4 .

As part of this process, Boeing redesigned some parts and made more use of lighter titanium.

Pure titanium dioxide has a very high index of refraction and an optical dispersion higher than diamond.

When used as a pigment, it is called titanium white, Pigment White 6 (PW6), or CI 77891.

It also recently signed new mining concessions for bauxite, in addition to existing concessions for diamonds, titanium, and gold.

Titanium has the inherent ability to osseointegrate, enabling use in dental implants that can last for over 30 years.

I had lots of titanium put in me, cadaver bones to try to get my feet moving the right way.

Though slightly more expensive than traditional steel or aluminium alternatives, these titanium products can be significantly lighter without compromising strength.

Trent engines use hollow titanium fan blades with an internal Warren girder structure to achieve strength, stiffness and robustness at low weight.

In addition to being a very important pigment, titanium dioxide is also used in sunscreens due to its ability to protect skin by itself.

You can see on this climber, we have two oxygen tanks in the backpack little titanium tanks, very lightweight and we're not carrying much else.

Isotopes Naturally occurring titanium is composed of 5 stable isotopes 46Ti, 47Ti, 48Ti, 49Ti, and 50Ti, with 48Ti being the most abundant (73.8 natural abundance).

Most rare elements on Earth are not needed by life (exceptions being selenium and iodine), while a few common ones (aluminum and titanium) are not used.

As in a conventional alkaline battery, an anode (the titanium dioxide) and a cathode (the platinum) are placed on either side of a liquid conductor (the electrolyte).

It can be coloured white by the addition of titanium dioxide for optical absorbance or luminescence detection or black by the addition of carbon for fluorescent biological assays.

We've been able to engineer viruses to pick up carbon nanotubes and then grow titanium dioxide around them and use as a way of getting electrons through the device.

Titanium is also used for the surgical instruments used in image guided surgery, as well as wheelchairs, crutches, and any other products where high strength and low weight are desirable.

One example of a nickel based niobium containing superalloy is Inconel 718, which consists of roughly 50 nickel, 18.6 chromium, 18.5 iron, 5 niobium, 3.1 molybdenum, 0.9 titanium, and 0.4 aluminium.

In the 1950s and 1960s the Soviet Union pioneered the use of titanium in military and submarine applications (Alfa class and Mike class) as part of programs related to the Cold War.

He came up with this Bowden wedge heel that has to be made out of steel or titanium if you make it from some sort of cheaper material, it'll actually crack in two.

And then I had a 15 hour surgery in which my surgeon, Dr. John Healey at Memorial Sloan Kettering Hospital in New York, took out my left femur and replaced it with titanium.

Starting in the early 1950s, titanium began to be used extensively for military aviation purposes, particularly in high performance jets, starting with aircraft such as the F100 Super Sabre and Lockheed A 12.

Aeschynite (Ce) (or Aschynite, Eschinite, Eschynite) is a rare earth mineral of cerium, calcium, iron, thorium, titanium, niobium, oxygen, and hydrogen with formula (Ce,Ca,Fe,Th)(Ti,Nb)2(O,OH)6.

An alloy used for liquid rocket thruster nozzles, such as in the main engine of the Apollo Lunar Modules, is the niobium alloy C 103, which consists of 89 niobium, 10 hafnium and 1 titanium.

Basically what we can do, is just cut a graphite mold, put it in an oven, heat it to 1,000 degrees, gently inflate titanium that's soft, and then explode it at the last minute into this form.

Beyond oil and gas, Russia s arms export agency, Rosoboronexport, has just seized Avtovaz, the giant dysfunctional Soviet car factory, and VSMPO Avisma, Russia s big titanium company, while all aircraft production has been concentrated in one state company.

Approximately 96 tonnes of superfluid helium 4 is needed to keep the magnets, made of copper clad niobium titanium, at their operating temperature of , making the LHC the largest cryogenic facility in the world at liquid helium temperature.

We are a developing country, it is said after all, it is not just your eye against his, your legs against hers, but what you can do against their trainer, their running shoe, their ergodynamic costume, their titanium archer s bow.

It's an incredibly expensive coffee and tea set we knew that at the beginning. So, I actually went to some people I knew down south in San Diego, and we used an exploded titanium forming method that's used in the aerospace industry.

Malawi had many agro based natural and mineral resources such as gemstones, titanium and red soils that were not being exploited fully, and it was hoped that implementation of the integrated programme would add value to those resources and create wealth for the country.